Friday, 14 September 2018

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Wednesday, 20 December 2017

NEW VISION UNIVERSITY GEORGIA EUROPE

… THIS IS ONE OF THE BEST MEDICAL SCHOOL IN EUROPE, NEW VISION UNIVERSITY.NVU I AM JOSHUA, TOGETHER WITH MY FRIEND JOHNPAUL, ALSO A SERIOUS MEDICAL STUDENT HERE IN NEW VISION UNIVERSITY, WE DO HELP PEOPLE TO GAIN ADMISSION HERE AND WE ARE VERY READY EVEN AT THIS TIME TO HELP ANYONE THAT IS READY TO GAIN ADMISSION HERE WITH NO COST. HOWEVER, IF YOU NEED ANY ASSISTANT ON GAINING ADMISSION TO THIS SCHOOL, YOU NEED TO CONTACT US VIA THIS FOLLOWING EMAIL; borngreat042@gmail.com/ chijindujoshua042@gmail.com/ or ujagbo@newvision.ge/ Medicine - New Vision University

Medicine

About

New Vision University School of Medicine currently offers four degree programs:

Medical Doctor (MD) Program (ENG)
Bachelor's program in Medical Rehabilitation and Nursing Care (ENG)
Master's program in Medical Rehabilitation and Healthcare Management (ENG)
Doctorate in Medicine - PhD in Medicine (GEO/ENG)

PROGRAMS

Medical Doctor (MD) Program

Medical Doctor educational program (360 ECTS) aims to provide medical training, predominantly in a practical environment. Results of the educational program are achieved through implementation of innovative teaching and assessment methods - problem-based learning, early-stage involvement into the biomedical research and provision of objectively structured clinical examination.

Medical Rehabilitation and Nursing Care

The program targets to support students in understanding the essence of Health Care Sciences (Rehabilitation and Nursing), to equip them with skills necessary for working in diverse health care settings, and to become competent and competitive in multicultural environments. The intention of the program is to foster the development of professionals with higher employability in diverse health care settings.

Master's program in Medical Rehabilitation and Healthcare Management

The objective of this program is to develop competitive Master degree specialists and to equip them with the knowledge and skills necessary for successful work with the multidisciplinary team at an international level. A successful graduate of the program will be able to become a qualified member of a team in the medical and rehabilitation clinic.

PhD in Medicine

This program aims to contribute to the free development of an individual and establishment of innovative and effective methods in medicine. The unique framework of the Ph.D. program in Medicine gives students the best of both worlds: the diversity of a large umbrella program coupled with the support of a small academic setting.

How to improve your emotional intelligence skills and so become a better leader.

Improving your listening skills

Listening skills can be practised – you don’t just hear what is being said, but bring together the verbal and non-verbal signals to gain an accurate interpretation of the other person’s views and opinions.

How to improve your listening skills

Hearing and listening are quite definitely not the same thing. You can hear something, but if you don’t consider every aspect of what is being said, you won’t be listening. So you may not pick up the correct message. This is how misunderstandings occur. Good communication skills demand the ability to really ACTIVELY LISTEN to what others are saying.

Actively listen

You have two ears, and one mouth. Use them in that ratio.

When you are listening you need to concentrate on what the other person, the speaker, is saying. Don’t use the time when they are speaking to construct your response to what you think they are saying, or to think about the tasks you have to complete today. Or what you might have for lunch.

Focus on them, put them at ease, use eye contact and nod or say “yes”, or “mmmh” to show empathy with them. Don’t interrupt them or doodle on your notepad, or shuffle your papers. That will make them anxious-they know you are bored and not listening to what they mean to convey to you. Give them your full attention.

Look at their body language and use it to help you listen to what they are saying. Don’t let their mannerisms distract you from the content. Look at their gestures, their facial expressions. Make eye contact with them as appropriate

Try to understand the speaker’s point of view. If they say something you don’t necessarily agree with, don’t immediately contradict them. Think about their view of things, and try to get the whole picture of their viewpoint, maybe not just the particular issue that is being discussed.

Listen to the pitch, tone and volume of their voice –this gives emphasis to what they are saying and adds to your understanding of their message.

Allow a silence or pause if they are gathering their thoughts. Don’t immediately start talking if they are considering what to say next.

Reflecting

Reflecting means restating the feelings as well as the words of the speaker. This allows the speaker to have their own thoughts verbalised, and to think about what they are saying and feeling. It lets them know that the listener is trying to view the world as they see it, and understand their message. It should encourage them to continue explaining their view. Reflecting is not an opportunity for the listener to ask questions, or introduce a new topic

Clarification

Ask them to clarify any points you are not clear on, ideally when they have finished speaking, rather than interrupting them.

Test your understanding of what they have said by paraphrasing or summarizing and repeating it back to them. “So let me see, you are saying that ……”

This use of clarification will ensure your understanding of what the other person has said and will eliminate or reduce misunderstanding. It will also have the effect of reassuring them that you are genuinely interested in them and what they have to say , and are at least attempting to understand what they are saying, and why.

Don’t be judgemental when clarifying. You are attempting to check the accuracy of what they are telling you. You can say “I’m not clear what you meant when you said …….. “Or “I’m not sure I understand this point …. “

Saturday, 2 December 2017

GARLIC: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions and Warnings - WebMD

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Vitamins & Supplements

GARLIC

Other Names:

Aged Garlic Extract, Ail, Ail Blanc, Ail Cultive, Ail Rocambole, Ajo, Alho, Allii Sativi Bulbus, Allium, Allium sativum, Angio D'India, Camphor Of The Poor, Clove Garlic, Common Garlic, Da Suan, Echte Rokkenbolle, Echter Knoblauch, Garlic Clove,...
See All Names

Review this Treatment 41 User Reviews See Brand Products

GARLIC Overview Information

Garlic is an herb that is grown around the world. It is related to onion, leeks, and chives. It is thought that garlic is native to Siberia, but spread to other parts of the world over 5000 years ago.

Garlic is used for many conditions related to the heart and blood system. These conditions include high blood pressure, low blood pressure, high cholesterol, inherited high cholesterol, coronary heart disease, heart attack, reduced blood flow due to narrowed arteries, and "hardening of the arteries" (atherosclerosis).

Some people use garlic to prevent colon cancer, rectal cancer, stomach cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, multiple myeloma, and lung cancer. It is also used to treat prostate cancer and bladder cancer.

Garlic has been tried for treating an enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia; BPH), cystic fibrosis, diabetes, osteoarthritis, hayfever (allergic rhinitis), traveler's diarrhea, high blood pressure late in pregnancy (pre-eclampsia), yeast infection, flu, and swine flu. It is also used to prevent tick bites, as a mosquito repellant, and for preventing the common cold, and treating and preventing bacterial and fungal infections.

Garlic is also used for earaches, chronic fatigue syndrome, menstrual disorders, abnormal cholesterol levels caused by HIV drugs, hepatitis, shortness of breath related to liver disease, stomach ulcers caused by H. pylori infection, exercise performance, exercise-induced muscle soreness, a condition that causes lumps in the breast tissue called fibrocystic breast disease, a skin condition called scleroderma, and lead toxicity.

Other uses include treatment of fever, coughs, headache, stomach ache, sinus congestion, gout, joint pain, hemorrhoids, asthma, bronchitis, shortness of breath, low blood sugar, snakebites, diarrhea and bloody diarrhea, tuberculosis, bloody urine, a serious nose and throat infection called diphtheria, whooping cough, tooth sensitivity, stomach inflammation (gastritis), scalp ringworm, and a sexually transmitted disease called vaginal trichomoniasis. It is also used for fighting stress and fatigue.

Some people apply garlic oil to their skin or nails to treat fungal infections, warts, and corns. It is also applied to the skin for hair loss and thrush.

Garlic is used in the vagina for yeast infections.

Garlic is injected into the body for chest pain.

In foods and beverages, fresh garlic, garlic powder, and garlic oil are used to add flavor.

How does it work?

Garlic produces a chemical called allicin. This is what seems to make garlic work for certain conditions. Allicin also makes garlic smell. Some products are made "odorless" by aging the garlic, but this process can also make the garlic less effective. It's a good idea to look for supplements that are coated (enteric coating) so they will dissolve in the intestine and not in the stomach.

GARLIC Uses & Effectiveness

Possibly Effective for:

Hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis). As people age, their arteries tend to lose their ability to stretch and flex. Garlic seems to reduce this effect. Taking a specific garlic powder supplement (Allicor, INAT-Farma, Moscow, Russia) twice daily for 24 months seems to reduce how much hardening of the arteries progresses. Higher doses of this product seem to provide more benefits in women than men when taken over a four year period. Research with other products containing garlic along with other ingredients (Kyolic, Total Heart Health, Formula 108, Wakunga) have also shown benefits.
Colon cancer, rectal cancer. Research suggests that eating garlic can reduce the risk of developing colon or rectal cancer. Also, in people diagnosed with a certain type of colon and rectal tumors, taking high doses of aged garlic extract daily for 12 months seems to reduce the risk of developing new tumors. However, other garlic supplements do not seem to offer the same benefit.
High blood pressure. Some research shows that garlic by mouth can reduce blood pressure by as much as 7% or 8% in people with high blood pressure. Most studies have used a specific garlic powder product (Kwai, from Lichtwer Pharma).
Prostate cancer. Men in China who eat about one clove of garlic daily seem to have a 50% lower risk of developing prostate cancer. Also, population research shows that eating garlic may be associated with a reduced risk of developing prostate cancer. But other research suggests that eating garlic does not affect prostate cancer risk in men from Iran. Early clinical research suggests that taking garlic extract supplements might reduce the risk of prostate cancer or reduce symptoms associated with prostate cancer.
Tick bites. People who consume high amounts of garlic over about an 8-week period seem to have a reduced number of tick bites. But it's not clear how garlic compares to commercially available tick repellants.
Ringworm. Applying a gel containing 0.6% ajoene, a chemical in garlic, twice daily for one week seems to be as effective as antifungal medication for treating ringworm.
Jock itch. Applying a gel containing 0.6% ajoene, a chemical in garlic, twice daily for one week seems to be as effective as antifungal medication for treating jock itch.
Athlete's foot. Applying a gel containing 1% ajoene, a chemical in garlic, seems to be effective for treating athlete's foot. Also, applying a garlic gel with 1% ajoene seems to be about as effective as the medicine Lamisil for treating athlete's foot.

Possibly Ineffective for:

Breast cancer. Taking garlic does not seem to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer.
Cystic fibrosis. Research suggests that taking garlic oil macerate daily for 8 weeks does not improve lung function, symptoms, or the need for antibiotics in children with cystic fibrosis and lung infection.
Diabetes. Some research suggests that taking a specific garlic product (Allicor, INAT-Farma, Moscow, Russia) along with antidiabetes medication for 4-24 weeks can reduce blood sugar, cholesterol, and triglycerides in people with diabetes. However, analyses of research suggest that garlic does not seem to have any effect on blood sugar or cholesterol in people with or without diabetes.
Inherited high cholesterol. In children with high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL or "bad") cholesterol, taking garlic powdered extract by mouth does not seem to improve cholesterol levels or blood pressure.
Infections caused by helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria. Taking garlic by mouth for H. pylori infection used to look promising due to laboratory evidence showing potential activity against H. pylori. However, when garlic cloves, powder, or oil is used in humans, it does not seem to help treat people infected with H. pylori.
High cholesterol. Research on the effects of garlic on cholesterol and triglyceride levels is inconsistent. Some research shows that garlic might have beneficial effects short-term. However, garlic does not seem to have any benefits after 6 months. Also, if only the high quality studies are considered, garlic does not appear to lower cholesterol or triglyceride levels.
Lung cancer. Taking garlic by mouth does not seem to reduce the risk of developing lung cancer.
Mosquito repellent. Taking garlic by mouth does not seem to repel mosquitos.
Leg pain caused by poor blood circulation in the legs (peripheral arterial disease or PAD). Taking garlic by mouth for 12 weeks does not seem to reduce leg pain when walking due to poor circulation in the legs.
High blood pressure in pregnancy (pre-eclampsia). Early evidence suggests that taking a specific garlic extract (Garlet) daily during the third trimester of pregnancy does not reduce the risk of developing high blood pressure in women who are at high risk or pregnant for the first time.

Insufficient Evidence for:

Hair loss (alopecia areata). Early evidence suggests that applying a garlic 5% gel along with a topical steroid for 3 months increases hair growth in people with hair loss.
Chest pain (angina). Early research suggests that administering garlic intravenously (by IV) for 10 days reduces chest pain compared to intravenous nitroglycerin.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Early research suggests that taking a liquid garlic extract daily for one month reduces prostate mass and urinary frequency. But the quality of this research is questionable.
Common cold. Early research suggests that garlic might reduce the frequency and number of colds when taken for prevention.
Clogged arteries (coronary heart disease). Some early research suggests that taking a specific garlic product (Allicor, INAT-Farma, Moscow, Russia) for 12 months reduces the risk of sudden death and heart attack in people at risk for developing clogged arteries. Other early research suggests that taking a supplement containing aged garlic (Kyolic, Total Heart Health, Formula 108, Wakunga) might prevent clogged arteries from worsening.
Corns. Early research suggests that applying certain garlic extracts to corns on the feet twice daily improves corns. One particular garlic extract that dissolves in fat seems to work after 10-20 days of treatment.
Cancer in the esophagus. Early research on the use of garlic for preventing cancer in the esophagus is inconsistent. Some evidence suggests that eating raw garlic does not prevent the development of cancer in the esophagus. However, other population research suggests that consuming garlic weekly does decrease the risk of developing cancer in the esophagus.
Muscle soreness after exercise. Early evidence suggests that taking allicin, a chemical in garlic, daily for 14 days can reduce muscle soreness after exercise in athletes.
Exercise performance. Early research suggests that taking a single 900 mg dose of garlic before exercise can increase endurance in young athletes.
Lumpy breast tissue (fibrocystic breast disease). Early research suggests that taking a specific combination product (Karinat, INAT-Farma, Moscow Russia) containing garlic, beta-carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C twice daily for 6 months reduces the severity of breast pain, premenstrual syndrome, and lumpy breast tissue in people with fibrocystic breast disease.
Stomach cancer. Some research suggests that eating more garlic is linked to a lower risk of developing stomach cancer. But taking a specific aged garlic extract (Kyolic, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co) does not seem to reduce the risk of developing pre-cancer in the stomach.
Stomach inflammation (gastritis). Early research suggests that taking a specific combination product containing garlic (Karinat, INAT-Farma, Moscow Russia) twice daily for 6 months improves digestion, stops the growth of certain bacteria (H. pylori), and reduces the risk of stomach cancer in people with stomach inflammation. However, the effect of garlic alone has not been determined.
Hepatitis. Early research suggests that taking garlic oil together with diphenyl-dimethyl-dicarboxylate improves liver function in people with hepatitis. However, the effects of garlic alone are not clear.
Shortness of breath and low oxygen levels associated with liver disease (hepatopulmonary syndrome). Early research suggests that taking garlic oil for 9-18 months might improve oxygen levels in people with hepatopulmonary syndrome.
Lead poisoning. Early research suggests that taking garlic three times daily for 4 weeks can reduce blood lead concentrations in people with lead poisoning. But it does not seem to be more effective than D-penicillamine.
Cancer of certain bone marrow cells (multiple myeloma). Early research suggests that taking garlic might be linked with a lower risk of developing cancer of the plasma cells in the bone marrow.
Thrush (oral candidiasis). Early research suggests that applying garlic paste to affected areas in the mouth can increase the healing rate in people with oral thrush.
Mouth ulcers (oral mucositis). Early research suggests that using a garlic mouthwash three times daily for 4 weeks improves redness in people with mouth sores. People seem to be more satisfied with garlic than the drug nystatin, but it is less effective.
Hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissue (scleroderma). Research suggests that taking garlic daily for 7 days does not benefit people with scleroderma.
Vaginal yeast infections. Some early research suggests that applying a vaginal cream containing garlic and thyme nightly for 7 nights is as effective as clotrimazole vaginal cream for treating yeast infections. But other early research suggests that taking garlic (Garlicin, Nature's Way) twice daily for 14 days does not improve symptoms.
Warts. Early evidence suggests that applying a specific fat-soluble garlic extract to warts on the hands twice daily removes warts within 1-2 weeks. Also, a water-soluble garlic extract seems to provide modest improvement, but only after 30-40 days of treatment.
Weight loss. Early research suggests that taking a combination product (Prograde Metabolism) containing many different extracts including garlic root extract twice daily for 8 weeks reduces body weight, fat mass, and waist and hip circumference when used together with diet and exercise.
Other conditions.

More evidence is needed to rate garlic for these uses.

GARLIC Side Effects & Safety

Garlic is LIKELY SAFE for most people when taken by mouth appropriately. Garlic has been used safely in research for up to 7 years. When taken by mouth, garlic can cause bad breath, a burning sensation in the mouth or stomach, heartburn, gas, nausea, vomiting, body odor, and diarrhea. These side effects are often worse with raw garlic. Garlic may also increase the risk of bleeding. There have been reports of bleeding after surgery in people who have taken garlic. Asthma has been reported in people working with garlic, and other allergic reactions are possible.

Garlic products are POSSIBLY SAFE when applied to the skin. Gels, pastes, and mouthwashes containing garlic have been used for up to 3 months. However, when applied to the skin, garlic might cause skin damage that is similar to a burn.

RAW garlic is POSSIBLY UNSAFE when applied to the skin. Raw garlic might cause severe skin irritation when it is applied to the skin.

Special Precautions & Warnings:

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Garlic is LIKELY SAFE to use during pregnancy when taken in the amounts normally found in food. Garlic is POSSIBLY UNSAFE when used in medicinal amounts during pregnancy and when breast-feeding. There is not enough reliable information about the safety of applying garlic to the skin if you are pregnant or breast feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.

Children: Garlic is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth and appropriately for a short-term in children. However, garlic is POSSIBLY UNSAFE when taken by mouth in large doses. Some sources suggest that high doses of garlic could be dangerous or even fatal to children. The reason for this warning is not known. There are no case reports available of significant adverse events or mortality in children associated with taking garlic by mouth. When applied to the skin, garlic might cause damage to the skin that is similar to a burn.

Bleeding disorder: Garlic, especially fresh garlic, might increase the risk of bleeding.

Stomach or digestion problems: Garlic can irritate the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Use with caution if you have stomach or digestion problems.

Low blood pressure: Garlic can lower blood pressure. In theory, taking garlic might make blood pressure become too low in people with low blood pressure.

Surgery: Garlic might prolong bleeding and interfere with blood pressure. Stop taking garlic at least two weeks before a scheduled surgery.

GARLIC Interactions

Major Interaction Do not take this combination

Isoniazid (Nydrazid, INH) interacts with GARLIC
Garlic might reduce how much isoniazid (Nydrazid, INH) the body absorbs. This might decrease how well isoniazid (Nydrazid, INH) works. Don't take garlic if you take isoniazid (Nydrazid, INH).
Medications used for HIV/AIDS (Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)) interacts with GARLIC
The body breaks down medications used for HIV/AIDS to get rid of them. Garlic can increase how fast the body breaks down some medication for HIV/AIDS. Taking garlic along with some medications used for HIV/AIDS might decrease the effectiveness of some medications used for HIV/AIDS.
Some of these medications used for HIV/AIDS include nevirapine (Viramune), delavirdine (Rescriptor), and efavirenz (Sustiva).
Saquinavir (Fortovase, Invirase) interacts with GARLIC
The body breaks down saquinavir (Fortovase, Invirase) to get rid of it. Garlic might increase how quickly the body breaks down saquinavir. Taking garlic along with saquinavir (Fortovase, Invirase) might decrease the effectiveness of saquinavir (Fortovase, Invirase).

Moderate Interaction Be cautious with this combination

Birth control pills (Contraceptive drugs) interacts with GARLIC
Some birth control pills contain estrogen. The body breaks down the estrogen in birth control pills to get rid of it. Garlic might increase the breakdown of estrogen. Taking garlic along with birth control pills might decrease the effectiveness of birth control pills. If you take birth control pills along with garlic, use an additional form of birth control such as a condom.
Some birth control pills include ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel (Triphasil), ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone (Ortho-Novum 1/35, Ortho-Novum 7/7/7), and others.
Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune) interacts with GARLIC
The body breaks down cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune) to get rid of it. Garlic might increase how quickly the body breaks down cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune). Taking garlic along with cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune) might decrease the effectiveness of cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune). Do not take garlic if you are taking cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune).
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) substrates) interacts with GARLIC
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver.
Garlic oil might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking garlic oil along with some medications that are changed by the liver can increase the effects and side effects of your medication. Before taking garlic oil talk to your healthcare provider if you take any medications that are changed by the liver.
Some medications that are changed by the liver include acetaminophen, chlorzoxazone (Parafon Forte), ethanol, theophylline, and drugs used for anesthesia during surgery such as enflurane (Ethrane), halothane (Fluothane), isoflurane (Forane), and methoxyflurane (Penthrane).
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates) interacts with GARLIC
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver.
Garlic might increase how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking garlic along with some medications that are broken down by the liver can decrease the effectiveness of some medications. Before taking garlic talk to your healthcare provider if you are taking any medications that are changed by the liver.
Some medications changed by this liver include lovastatin (Mevacor), ketoconazole (Nizoral), itraconazole (Sporanox), fexofenadine (Allegra), triazolam (Halcion), and many others.
Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs) interacts with GARLIC
Garlic might slow blood clotting. Taking garlic along with medications that also slow clotting might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding.
Some medications that slow blood clotting include aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), diclofenac (Voltaren, Cataflam, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others), naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn, others), dalteparin (Fragmin), enoxaparin (Lovenox), heparin, warfarin (Coumadin), and others.
Warfarin (Coumadin) interacts with GARLIC
Warfarin (Coumadin) is used to slow blood clotting. Garlic might increase the effectiveness of warfarin (Coumadin). Taking garlic along with warfarin (Coumadin) might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding. Be sure to have your blood checked regularly. The dose of your warfarin (Coumadin) might need to be changed.

GARLIC Dosing

The following doses have been studied in scientific research:

BY MOUTH:

For hardening of the arteries: A 300 mg garlic powder tablet (Kwai, Lichtwer Pharma), taken as a single dose or three times daily for up to 4 years, has been used. Also, 150 mg of a specific garlic supplement (Allicor, INAT-Farma, Moscow, Russia) twice daily for 24 months has been used. Combination products containing garlic have also been used. A specific aged garlic extract supplement (Kyolic, Total Heart Health, Formula 108, Wakunga) containing 250 mg of aged garlic extract taken daily for 12 months, has been used. Also, a combination product containing 300 mg aged garlic extract, taken at a dose of four tablets daily for one year, has been used.
For colon cancer and rectal cancer: Capsules containing 2.4 mL of aged garlic extract taken daily for 12 months have been used.
For high blood pressure: 300 mg to 1500 mg of garlic tablets taken in divided doses daily for 24 weeks has been used. 2400 mg of a specific garlic powder tablet (Kwai, Lichtwer Pharma) taken as a single dose or 600 mg daily for 12 weeks has been used. Capsules containing 960 mg to 7.2 grams of aged garlic extract, taken daily in up to three divided doses for up to 6 months, have been used. Specific products containing aged garlic extract include Kyolic (Garlic High Potency Everyday Formula 112, Wakunga/Wagner). 500 mg of garlic oil 500 mg plus 600 mg of fish oil daily for 60 days has been used.
For prostate cancer: 1 mg/kg of a water-soluble garlic extract, taken daily for one month, has been used.
For tick bites: Capsules containing 1200 mg of garlic taken daily for 8 weeks has been used.

APPLIED TO THE SKIN:

For fungal skin infections (ringworm, jock itch, athlete's foot): garlic ingredient ajoene as a 0.4% cream, 0.6% gel, and 1% gel applied twice daily for one week has been used. .

View clinical references for this vitamin or supplement Sources

References:

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Koscielny J, Klussendorf D, Latza R, and et al. The antiatherosclerotic effect of Allium sativum. Atherosclerosis 1999;144:237-249.

Koscielny, J., Schmitt, R., Radtke, H., Latza, R., and Kiesewetter, H. Garlic study vindicated by official investigation. Nature 4-6-2000;404(6778):542. View abstract.

Kosuge, Y., Koen, Y., Ishige, K., Minami, K., Urasawa, H., Saito, H., and Ito, Y. S-allyl-L-cysteine selectively protects cultured rat hippocampal neurons from amyloid beta-protein- and tunicamycin-induced neuronal death. Neuroscience 2003;122(4):885-895. View abstract.

Ku DD, Abdel-Razek TT, Dai J, and et al. Mechanisms of garlic induced pulmonary vasorelaxation: role of allicin. Circulation 1997;96(8S):6-I.

Kumar, M. and Berwal, J. S. Sensitivity of food pathogens to garlic (Allium sativum). J Appl.Microbiol. 1998;84(2):213-215. View abstract.

Kundakovic, T., Milenkovic, M., Zlatkovic, S., Nikolic, V., Nikolic, G., and Binic, I. Treatment of venous ulcers with the herbal-based ointment Herbadermal(R): a prospective non-randomized pilot study. Forsch.Komplementmed. 2012;19(1):26-30. View abstract.

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Kweon, S., Park, K. A., and Choi, H. Chemopreventive effect of garlic powder diet in diethylnitrosamine-induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Life Sci. 9-26-2003;73(19):2515-2526. View abstract.

Lachmann, G., Lorenz, D., Radeck, W., and Steiper, M. [The pharmacokinetics of the S35 labeled labeled garlic constituents alliin, allicin and vinyldithiine]. Arzneimittelforschung. 1994;44(6):734-743. View abstract.

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Laing, M. E., Barry, J., Buckley, A. M., and Murphy, G. M. Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions to food and latex in a chef. Contact Dermatitis 2006;55(3):193-194. View abstract.

Larijani, V. N., Ahmadi, N., Zeb, I., Khan, F., Flores, F., and Budoff, M. Beneficial effects of aged garlic extract and coenzyme Q10 on vascular elasticity and endothelial function: the FAITH randomized clinical trial. Nutrition 2013;29(1):71-75. View abstract.

Lash, J. P., Cardoso, L. R., Mesler, P. M., Walczak, D. A., and Pollak, R. The effect of garlic on hypercholesterolemia in renal transplant patients. Transplant.Proc. 1998;30(1):189-191. View abstract.

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Lau BH, Lam F, Wang-Cheng R, and et al. Effect of odor-modified garlic preparation on blood lipids. Nutrition Research 1987;7:139-149.

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Ishikawa, H., Saeki, T., Otani, T., Suzuki, T., Shimozuma, K., Nishino, H., Fukuda, S., and Morimoto, K. Aged garlic extract prevents a decline of NK cell number and activity in patients with advanced cancer. J Nutr. 2006;136(3 Suppl):816S-820S. View abstract.

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Jung, F., Jung, E. M., Mrowietz, C., Kiesewetter, H., and Wenzel, E. Influence of garlic powder on cutaneous microcirculation: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study in apparently healthy subjects. Br.J Clin Pract.Suppl 1990;69:30-35. View abstract.

Kabasakal, L., Sehirli, O., Cetinel, S., Cikler, E., Gedik, N., and Sener, G. Protective effect of aqueous garlic extract against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. J Med Food 2005;8(3):319-326. View abstract.

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Keiss, H. P., Dirsch, V. M., Hartung, T., Haffner, T., Trueman, L., Auger, J., Kahane, R., and Vollmar, A. M. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) modulates cytokine expression in lipopolysaccharide-activated human blood thereby inhibiting NF-kappaB activity. J Nutr. 2003;133(7):2171-2175. View abstract.

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Khodavandi, A., Alizadeh, F., Harmal, N. S., Sidik, S. M., Othman, F., Sekawi, Z., and Chong, P. P. Expression analysis of SIR2 and SAPs1-4 gene expression in Candida albicans treated with allicin compared to fluconazole. Trop.Biomed. 2011;28(3):589-598. View abstract.

Khodavandi, A., Alizadeh, F., Harmal, N. S., Sidik, S. M., Othman, F., Sekawi, Z., Jahromi, M. A., Ng, K. P., and Chong, P. P. Comparison between efficacy of allicin and fluconazole against Candida albicans in vitro and in a systemic candidiasis mouse model. FEMS Microbiol.Lett. 2011;315(2):87-93. View abstract.

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Ahmadi, N., Tsimikas, S., Hajsadeghi, F., Saeed, A., Nabavi, V., Bevinal, M. A., Kadakia, J., Flores, F., Ebrahimi, R., and Budoff, M. J. Relation of oxidative biomarkers, vascular dysfunction, and progression of coronary artery calcium. Am.J.Cardiol. 2-15-2010;105(4):459-466. View abstract.

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Ambati, S., Yang, J. Y., Rayalam, S., Park, H. J., Della-Fera, M. A., and Baile, C. A. Ajoene exerts potent effects in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by inhibiting adipogenesis and inducing apoptosis. Phytother.Res. 2009;23(4):513-518. View abstract.

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Andrianova, I. V., Ionova, V. G., Demina, E. G., Shabalina, A. A., Karabasova, IaA, Liutova, L. I., Povorinskaia, T. E., and Orekhov, A. N. [Use of allikor for the normalization of fibrinolysis and hemostasis in patients with chronic cerebrovascular diseases]. Klin.Med (Mosk) 2001;79(11):55-58. View abstract.

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Ashraf, M. Z., Hussain, M. E., and Fahim, M. Endothelium mediated vasorelaxant response of garlic in isolated rat aorta: role of nitric oxide. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;90(1):5-9. View abstract.

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Balasenthil, S., Rao, K. S., and Nagini, S. Altered cytokeratin expression during chemoprevention of experimental hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis by garlic. J Oral Pathol.Med 2002;31(3):142-146. View abstract.

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Baluchnejadmojarad, T., Roghani, M., Homayounfar, H., and Hosseini, M. Beneficial effect of aqueous garlic extract on the vascular reactivity of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;85(1):139-144. View abstract.

Banerjee, S. K., Dinda, A. K., Manchanda, S. C., and Maulik, S. K. Chronic garlic administration protects rat heart against oxidative stress induced by ischemic reperfusion injury. BMC.Pharmacol. 8-16-2002;2:16. View abstract.

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Baruchin, A. M., Sagi, A., Yoffe, B., and Ronen, M. Garlic burns. Burns 2001;27(7):781-782. View abstract.

Belman, S. Onion and garlic oils inhibit tumor promotion. Carcinogenesis 1983;4(8):1063-1065. View abstract.

Berspalov, V. G., Shcherbakov, A. M., Kalinovskii, V. P., Novik, V. I., Chepik, O. F., Aleksandrov, V. A., Sobenin, I. A., and Orekhov, A. N. [Study of the antioxidant drug "Karinat" in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis]. Vopr.Onkol. 2004;50(1):81-85. View abstract.

Bespalov, V. G., Barash, N. I., Ivanova, O. A., Krzhivitskii, P. I., Semiglazov, V. F., Aleksandrov, V. A., Sobenin, N. A., and Orekhov, A. N. [Study of an antioxidant dietary supplement "Karinat" in patients with benign breast disease]. Vopr.Onkol. 2004;50(4):467-472. View abstract.

Bhushan, S., Sharma, S. P., Singh, S. P., Agrawal, S., Indrayan, A., and Seth, P. Effect of garlic on normal blood cholesterol level. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1979;23(3):211-214. View abstract.

Bhuvaneswari, V., Abraham, S. K., and Nagini, S. Combinatorial antigenotoxic and anticarcinogenic effects of tomato and garlic through modulation of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes during hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Nutrition 2005;21(6):726-731. View abstract.

Bimmermann A, Weingart K, and Schwartzkopff W. Allium sativum: Studie zur Wirksamkeit bei Hyperlipoproteinamie. Therapiewoche 1988;38:3885-3890.

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Bleumink, E., Doeglas, H. M., Klokke, A. H., and Nater, J. P. Allergic contact dermatitis to garlic. Br.J Dermatol. 1972;87(1):6-9. View abstract.

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Bordia, A., Verma, S. K., and Srivastava, K. C. Effect of garlic on platelet aggregation in humans: a study in healthy subjects and patients with coronary artery disease. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1996;55(3):201-205. View abstract.

Bordia, T., Mohammed, N., Thomson, M., and Ali, M. An evaluation of garlic and onion as antithrombotic agents. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1996;54(3):183-186. View abstract.

Bottone, F. G., Jr., Baek, S. J., Nixon, J. B., and Eling, T. E. Diallyl disulfide (DADS) induces the antitumorigenic NSAID-activated gene (NAG-1) by a p53-dependent mechanism in human colorectal HCT 116 cells. J Nutr. 2002;132(4):773-778. View abstract.

Bradley R, Endres J, Hockenberry D, and et al. Investigation of garlic-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines [poster presentation]. International Scientific Conference on Complementary, Alternative and Integrative Medicine Research, Boston, MA, 2002.

Brosche, T. and Platt, D. [Garlic as phytogenic antilipemic agent. Recent studies with a standardized dry garlic powder substance]. Fortschr.Med 12-20-1990;108(36):703-706. View abstract.

Brosche, T., Platt, D., and Dorner, H. The effect of a garlic preparation on the composition of plasma lipoproteins and erythrocyte membranes in geriatric subjects. Br.J Clin Pract.Suppl 1990;69:12-19. View abstract.

Budoff, M. J., Takasu, J., Flores, F. R., Niihara, Y., Lu, B., Lau, B. H., Rosen, R. T., and Amagase, H. Inhibiting progression of coronary calcification using Aged Garlic Extract in patients receiving statin therapy: a preliminary study. Prev.Med 2004;39(5):985-991. View abstract.

Buhshan S, Sharma SP, Singh SP, and et al. Effect of garlic on normal blood cholesterol level. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1979;23:211-214.

Buiatti, E., Palli, D., Decarli, A., Amadori, D., Avellini, C., Bianchi, S., Biserni, R., Cipriani, F., Cocco, P., Giacosa, A., and . A case-control study of gastric cancer and diet in Italy. Int J Cancer 10-15-1989;44(4):611-616. View abstract.

Byrne, D. J., Neil, H. A., Vallance, D. T., and Winder, A. F. A pilot study of garlic consumption shows no significant effect on markers of oxidation or sub-fraction composition of low-density lipoprotein including lipoprotein(a) after allowance for non-compliance and the placebo effect. Clin Chim.Acta 1999;285(1-2):21-33. View abstract.

Campbell, J. H., Efendy, J. L., Smith, N. J., and Campbell, G. R. Molecular basis by which garlic suppresses atherosclerosis. J Nutr 2001;131(3s):1006S-1009S. View abstract.

Campos, R., Amato, Neto, V, Castanho, R. E., Moreira, A. A., and Pinto, P. L. [Treatment of ascaridiasis with garlic (Allium sativum)]. Rev Hosp.Clin Fac.Med Sao Paulo 1990;45(5):213-215. View abstract.

Canduela, V., Mongil, I., Carrascosa, M., Docio, S., and Cagigas, P. Garlic: always good for the health? Br J Dermatol. 1995;132(1):161-162. View abstract.

Caporaso, N., Smith, S. M., and Eng, R. H. Antifungal activity in human urine and serum after ingestion of garlic (Allium sativum). Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 1983;23(5):700-702. View abstract.

Capraz, M., Dilek, M., and Akpolat, T. Garlic, hypertension and patient education. Int.J Cardiol. 9-14-2007;121(1):130-131. View abstract.

Cavallito CJ and Bailey JH. Allicin, the antibacterail principle of Allium sativum. 1. Isolation, physical properties and antibacterial action. J Am Chem Soc 1944;66:1950-1954.

Challier, B., Perarnau, J. M., and Viel, J. F. Garlic, onion and cereal fibre as protective factors for breast cancer: a French case-control study. Eur.J Epidemiol. 1998;14(8):737-747. View abstract.

Chauhan, N. B. and Sandoval, J. Amelioration of early cognitive deficits by aged garlic extract in Alzheimer's transgenic mice. Phytother.Res. 2007;21(7):629-640. View abstract.

Chauhan, N. B. Effect of aged garlic extract on APP processing and tau phosphorylation in Alzheimer's transgenic model Tg2576. J Ethnopharmacol. 12-6-2006;108(3):385-394. View abstract.

Chavan, S. D., Shetty, N. L., and Kanuri, M. Comparative evaluation of garlic extract mouthwash and chlorhexidine mouthwash on salivary Streptococcus mutans count - an in vitro study. Oral Health Prev.Dent. 2010;8(4):369-374. View abstract.

Chu, Q., Lee, D. T., Tsao, S. W., Wang, X., and Wong, Y. C. S-allylcysteine, a water-soluble garlic derivative, suppresses the growth of a human androgen-independent prostate cancer xenograft, CWR22R, under in vivo conditions. BJU.Int. 2007;99(4):925-932. View abstract.

Chu, T. C., Han, P., Han, G., and Potter, D. E. Intraocular pressure lowering by S-allylmercaptocysteine in rabbits. J Ocul.Pharmacol.Ther 1999;15(1):9-17. View abstract.

Cohain, J. S. Long-term symptomatic group B streptococcal vulvovaginitis: eight cases resolved with freshly cut garlic. Eur.J Obstet.Gynecol.Reprod.Biol. 2009;146(1):110-111. View abstract.

Cook-Mozaffari, P. J., Azordegan, F., Day, N. E., Ressicaud, A., Sabai, C., and Aramesh, B. Oesophageal cancer studies in the Caspian Littoral of Iran: results of a case-control study. Br.J Cancer 1979;39(3):293-309. View abstract.

Coppi, A., Cabinian, M., Mirelman, D., and Sinnis, P. Antimalarial activity of allicin, a biologically active compound from garlic cloves. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 2006;50(5):1731-1737. View abstract.

Czerny B and Samochowiec J. Klinische Untersuchungen mit einem Knoblauch-Lezithin-Präparat. Arztezeitschr Naturheilverf 1996;37:126-129.

Das, I., Khan, N. S., and Sooranna, S. R. Potent activation of nitric oxide synthase by garlic: a basis for its therapeutic applications. Curr.Med Res Opin. 1995;13(5):257-263. View abstract.

Das, I., Patel, S., and Sooranna, S. R. Effects of aspirin and garlic on cyclooxygenase-induced chemiluminescence in human term placenta. Biochem Soc.Trans. 1997;25(1):99S. View abstract.

Dausch, J. G. and Nixon, D. W. Garlic: a review of its relationship to malignant disease. Prev.Med 1990;19(3):346-361. View abstract.

Davis LE, Shen J, and Royer RE. In vitro synergism of concentrated allium sativum extract and amphotericin B against cryptococcus neoformans. Planta Med 1994;60:546-549.

Davis, L. E., Shen, J. K., and Cai, Y. Antifungal activity in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma after intravenous administration of Allium sativum. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 1990;34(4):651-653. View abstract.

Davis, S. R., Perrie, R., and Apitz-Castro, R. The in vitro susceptibility of Scedosporium prolificans to ajoene, allitridium and a raw extract of garlic (Allium sativum). J Antimicrob.Chemother. 2003;51(3):593-597. View abstract.

de Rooij, B. M., Boogaard, P. J., Rijksen, D. A., Commandeur, J. N., and Vermeulen, N. P. Urinary excretion of N-acetyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine upon garlic consumption by human volunteers. Arch.Toxicol 1996;70(10):635-639. View abstract.

de Santos AO and Jones RA. Effects of garlic powder and garlic oil preparations on blood lipids, blood pressure and well-being. Br J Clin Res 1995;6:91-100.

De Santos O and Grunwald J. Effect of garlic powder tablets on blood lipids and blood pressure: a six month placebo controlled double blind study. Br J Clin Res 1993;4:37-44.

De, B. K., Dutta, D., Pal, S. K., Gangopadhyay, S., Das, Baksi S., and Pani, A. The role of garlic in hepatopulmonary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Can.J.Gastroenterol. 2010;24(3):183-188. View abstract.

Delaha, E. C. and Garagusi, V. F. Inhibition of mycobacteria by garlic extract (Allium sativum). Antimicrob.Agents Chemother 1985;27(4):485-486. View abstract.

Delaney, T. A. and Donnelly, A. M. Garlic dermatitis. Austr J Dermatol 1996;37(2):109-110. View abstract.

Demirkaya, E., Avci, A., Kesik, V., Karslioglu, Y., Oztas, E., Kismet, E., Gokcay, E., Durak, I., and Koseoglu, V. Cardioprotective roles of aged garlic extract, grape seed proanthocyanidin, and hazelnut on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009;87(8):633-640. View abstract.

Deshpande, R. G., Khan, M. B., Bhat, D. A., and Navalkar, R. G. Inhibition of Mycobacterium avium complex isolates from AIDS patients by garlic (Allium sativum). J Antimicrob.Chemother. 1993;32(4):623-626. View abstract.

Dhawan, V. and Jain, S. Effect of garlic supplementation on oxidized low density lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in patients of essential hypertension. Mol.Cell Biochem. 2004;266(1-2):109-115. View abstract.

Dillon, S. A., Burmi, R. S., Lowe, G. M., Billington, D., and Rahman, K. Antioxidant properties of aged garlic extract: an in vitro study incorporating human low density lipoprotein. Life Sci. 2-21-2003;72(14):1583-1594. View abstract.

Dillon, S. A., Lowe, G. M., Billington, D., and Rahman, K. Dietary supplementation with aged garlic extract reduces plasma and urine concentrations of 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2 alpha) in smoking and nonsmoking men and women. J Nutr. 2002;132(2):168-171. View abstract.

Dirsch VM, Kiemer AK, Wagner H, and et al. Effect of allicin and ajoene, two compounds of garlic, on inducible nitric oxide synthase. Atherosclerosis 1998;139:333-339.

Dirsch, V. M., Gerbes, A. L., and Vollmar, A. M. Ajoene, a compound of garlic, induces apoptosis in human promyeloleukemic cells, accompanied by generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of nuclear factor kappaB. Mol.Pharmacol 1998;53(3):402-407. View abstract.

Dixit, V. P. and Joshi, S. Effects of chronic administration of garlic (Allium sativum Linn) on testicular function. Indian J Exp Biol 1982;20(7):534-536. View abstract.

Dorant, E., van den Brandt, P. A., Goldbohm, R. A., and Sturmans, F. Consumption of onions and a reduced risk of stomach carcinoma. Gastroenterology 1996;110(1):12-20. View abstract.

Dunstan, J. A., Breckler, L., Hale, J., Lehmann, H., Franklin, P., Lyons, G., Ching, S. Y., Mori, T. A., Barden, A., and Prescott, S. L. Supplementation with vitamins C, E, beta-carotene and selenium has no effect on anti-oxidant status and immune responses in allergic adults: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Exp.Allergy 2007;37(2):180-187. View abstract.

Durak I, Yilmaz E Devrim E Perk H Kacmaz. Consumption of aqueous garlic extract leads to significant improvement in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer . Nutr Res 2003;23:199-204.

Durak, I., Kavutcu, M., Aytac, B., Avci, A., Devrim, E., Ozbek, H., and Ozturk, H. S. Effects of garlic extract consumption on blood lipid and oxidant/antioxidant parameters in humans with high blood cholesterol. J Nutr.Biochem. 2004;15(6):373-377. View abstract.

Dwivedi, C., John, L. M., Schmidt, D. S., and Engineer, F. N. Effects of oil-soluble organosulfur compounds from garlic on doxorubicin-induced lipid peroxidation. Anticancer Drugs 1998;9(3):291-294. View abstract.

Dwivedi, C., Rohlfs, S., Jarvis, D., and Engineer, F. N. Chemoprevention of chemically induced skin tumor development by diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfide. Pharm.Res 1992;9(12):1668-1670. View abstract.

Edelstein AJ and Johnstown PA. Dermatitis caused by garlic. Arch Dermatol 1950;61:111.

Egen-Schwind C, Eckard R, Jekat FW, and et al. Pharmacokinetics of vinyldithiins, transformation products of allicin. Planta Med 1992;58:8-13.

Eguchi, A., Murakami, A., and Ohigashi, H. Novel bioassay system for evaluating anti-oxidative activities of food items: use of basolateral media from differentiated Caco-2 cells. Free Radic.Res. 2005;39(12):1367-1375. View abstract.

Ejaz, S., Chekarova, I., Cho, J. W., Lee, S. Y., Ashraf, S., and Lim, C. W. Effect of aged garlic extract on wound healing: a new frontier in wound management. Drug Chem.Toxicol. 2009;32(3):191-203. View abstract.

Ekeowa-Anderson, A. L., Shergill, B., and Goldsmith, P. Allergic contact cheilitis to garlic. Contact Dermatitis 2007;56(3):174-175. View abstract.

El Beshbishy, H. A. Aqueous garlic extract attenuates hepatitis and oxidative stress induced by galactosamine/lipoploysaccharide in rats. Phytother.Res. 2008;22(10):1372-1379. View abstract.

el Sabban, F. and Radwan, G. M. Influence of garlic compared to aspirin on induced photothrombosis in mouse pial microvessels, in vivo. Thromb.Res 10-15-1997;88(2):193-203. View abstract.

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Introductory Human Physiology | Coursera

Introductory Human Physiology

About this course: In this course, students learn to recognize and to apply the basic concepts that govern integrated body function (as an intact organism) in the body's nine organ systems.

Created by: Duke University

Taught by: Jennifer Carbrey, Assistant Research Professor
Department of Cell Biology
Taught by: Emma Jakoi, Associate Research Professor
Department of Cell Biology

Commitment	22 hours of videos and assessments
Language	English, Subtitles: Chinese (Simplified)
How To Pass	Pass all graded assignments to complete the course.
User Ratings	4.7 stars Average User Rating 4.7See what learners said

Syllabus

WEEK 1

Welcome and Additional Resources

Start here!

1 video, 6 readings

Video: Course Introduction
Leyendo: Welcome to Human Physiology
Leyendo: How to Use Discussion Forums
Leyendo: Course Logistics
Leyendo: About Us
Leyendo: FAQ_Including Syllabus for Downloading
Leyendo: Get to Know Your Classmates

Homeostasis and Endocrine System

Welcome to Module 2 of Introductory Human Physiology! We begin our study of the human body with an overview of the basic concepts that underlie the functions of cells and organs within the body and their integration to maintain life. This is an important introduction to how physiologists view the body. We will return to these basic concepts again as we progress through the organs systems and consider how they respond to perturbations incurred in daily functions and in disease. The things to do this week are to watch the 6 videos, to answer the in-video questions, to read the notes for each topic, and to complete two problem sets (homeostasis, transporters & channels, and endocrine concepts). It will be most effective if you follow the sequence of videos. The notes provide a more detailed summary of each topic. We encourage you to find which resource (videos and/or notes) works best for you.We have included a set of problems to be completed as homework exercises. We strongly encourage you to complete these problems sets. They are not graded and are for your personal feedback. It has been our experience that these exercises are helpful in increasing understanding and retention of the newly learned materials.Please use the interactive forum as a means to exchange ideas, to ask questions, to form study groups and interest groups, and to meet your community. We will monitor the forum daily.Thank you for joining us. We are excited about sharing this educational experience with you. Welcome!

6 videos, 1 reading, 2 practice quizzes

Video: Homeostasis and Fluid Compartments
Video: Regulation of Homeostasis
Video: Transporters Pumps and Channels
Video: Solute and Water Transport
Cuestionario de práctica: Practice Problem Set: Transporters, Channels, and Homeostasis
Video: General Concepts
Video: Assessment and Pathology
Cuestionario de práctica: Practice Problem Set: Endocrine Concepts
Leyendo: Resources

Graded: Homeostasis and Endocrine System Exam

WEEK 2

The Nervous System

We hope you are enjoying the course! Last week's lectures can be challenging because we introduce many concepts that may be new to you. This module will allow you to apply some of the concepts that you learned last week and provide you with more concrete examples. In this module we will begin our tour of the various organ systems with the nervous system. We start by considering the function of the individual cells (neurons) and then how they interact as an integrative system. The nervous system provides rapid communication throughout the body coordinating the actions of trillions of cells. It responds to internal changes to the body as well as to changes in our external environment. This is a busy week. The things to do this week are to watch the 5 videos, to answer the in-video questions, to read the notes, and to complete the Nervous System problem set. We suggest that you read the notes, watch the videos, and answer the in-video questions before you start on the problem sets. The problem sets require you to apply your knowledge from the lectures so it is best to be fairly familiar with the material before tackling them. The problem sets are not graded, and there is no due-date for them.

5 videos, 2 readings, 1 practice quiz

Video: Introduction and Cell Types
Video: Membrane Potentials
Leyendo: How To Calaculate The Equilibrium Potential
Video: Action Potentials
Video: Methods of Communication
Video: Organization
Cuestionario de práctica: Practice Problem Set: The Nervous System
Leyendo: Resources

Graded: The Nervous System Exam

WEEK 3

The Senses and the Somatic Nervous System

In this module, we consider two types of cells: one that relays information to the central nervous system (brain) for interpretation and a second set, motor neurons which relay information away from the central nervous system to govern voluntary movement. The input pathway to the brain is mediated by specific cells called senses. The senses convert energy (such as light or heat) into an energy form (electrical potentials) recognized by neurons in the brain. The brain, in turn, interprets this information (as vision or pain) and then sends out a motor response via the motor neurons of the somatic nervous system to effector cells in the body. The motor neurons activate skeletal muscle to control breathing and the movement of the limbs. The things to do this week are to watch the 5 videos, to answer the in-video questions, to read the notes, and to complete the problem set. It will be most effective if you follow the sequence of videos. The notes provide a more detailed summary of each topic. We encourage you to find which resource (videos and/or notes) works best for you and to try the problems sets. The problem sets are not graded. Both your understanding and retention will increase with application of the new learned information.

5 videos, 1 reading, 1 practice quiz

Video: Introduction and Vision
Video: Hearing and the Vestibular System
Video: Chemical Senses
Video: Intro and Structure
Video: Control of Movement
Cuestionario de práctica: Practice Problem Set: Senses and Nervous System
Leyendo: Resources

Graded: The Senses and the Somatic Nervous System Exam

WEEK 4

Muscle

In this module, we consider the effectors of the body that govern voluntary and involuntary movement. These effectors are specialized cells called muscle which are capable of generating force (tension). Muscle cells are classified as one of three types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Although all three types generate tension, each is specialized for a given function. Skeletal muscle governs voluntary movement of the limbs and is critical for expansion of the lung during breathing. Smooth and cardiac muscle are contractile cells found in the walls of blood vessels and the heart, respectively. We will return to the basic principles that govern these cells types when we consider the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. The things to do this week are to watch the 4 videos, to answer the in-video questions, to read the notes, and to complete two problem sets (skeletal muscle and smooth & cardiac muscle). It will be most effective if you follow the sequence of videos. The notes provide a more detailed summary of each topic. We encourage you to find which resource (videos and/or notes) works best for you and to try the problems sets. The problem sets are not graded. Both your understanding and retention will increase with application of the new learned information.

4 videos, 1 reading, 2 practice quizzes

Video: Intro and Contraction
Video: Tension and Metabolism
Cuestionario de práctica: Practice Problem Set: Skeletal Muscle
Video: Smooth Muscle Structure, Regulation and Pacemakers
Video: Cardiac Muscle Structure, E-C Coupling and Force Generation
Cuestionario de práctica: Practice Problem Set: Smooth and Cardiac Muscle
Leyendo: Resources

Graded: Muscle Exam

WEEK 5

Cardiovascular System

Welcome back! In this module we consider how the circulatory system works to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the specific organs. We start with a discussion of the electrical and mechanical functions of the heart which enable it to generate a pressure gradient. This pressure gradient propels the blood through the blood vessels, in a unidirectional manner. The following session considers the factors that govern delivery of gases and nutrients at the tissue level. The last session considers the entire reflex loop, its control, and its response to daily demands (rest and exercise) and how pathology affects these responses. This is a busy week! The things to do this week are to watch the 5 videos, to answer the in-video questions, to read the notes, and to complete the CV problem set. It will be most effective if you follow the sequence of videos. The notes provide a more detailed summary of each topic. We encourage you to find which resource (videos and/or notes) works best for you and to try the problems sets. The problem sets are not graded. Both your understanding and retention will increase with application of the new learned information.

5 videos, 1 reading, 1 practice quiz

Video: Heart Electrical Activity
Video: Heart As A Pump
Video: Cardiac Performance
Video: Circulatory System
Video: Reflex Control
Cuestionario de práctica: Practice Problem Set: The Cardiovascular System
Leyendo: Resources

Graded: Cardiovascular System Exam

WEEK 6

Respiratory System

We hope that you are enjoying the course! This module considers the respiratory system. In these lessons, we explore topics such as how we get air into our lungs, the role of airway resistance in ventilation, the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues, and the regulation of breathing. There are a couple of demonstrations of lung function in the videos! The things to do this week are to watch the 8 videos, to answer the in-video questions, to read the notes, and to complete the Respiratory System problem set. We suggest that you read the notes, watch the videos, and answer the in-video questions before you start on the problem sets, which are not graded. Take a deep breath and have fun with it!

8 videos, 1 reading, 1 practice quiz

Video: Anatomy and Mechanics
Video: Lung Volumes and Compliance
Video: Pressure Changes and Resistance
Video: Pulmonary Function Tests and Alveolar Ventilation
Video: Oxygen Transport
Video: CO2 Transport and V/Q Mismatch
Video: Exercise and Hypoxia
Video: Regulation of Breathing
Cuestionario de práctica: Practice Problem Set: The Respiratory System
Leyendo: Resources

Graded: Respiratory System Exam

WEEK 7

The Endocrine System

IIn this module, we return our attention to the endocrine system and its role in the maintenance of homeostasis. In particular we consider the hypothalamus-pituitary axis, which integrates signals from the nervous system and from the blood to regulate most homeostatic functions, including growth, ion balance, fluid balance, response to stress, and energy use. The first lesson gives an overview of the hypothalamus-pituitary axis and its actions in regulating growth of the body. In later lessons we consider how this complex negative feedback loop governs the body’s energy use and its response to stress. Then, later in lesson 3, we turn our attention to the simple reflex loop by which the endocrine pancreas regulates metabolism in both the fed and fasted states and the failures of this system (diabetes mellitus). The hypothalamus-pituitary axis and its control of reproduction in both males and females are considered in the next module (Module 9). The things to do this week are to watch the 6 videos, to answer the in-video questions, to read the notes, and to do the two problem sets (endocrine system and fuel homeostasis). Please note that each module can stand alone, however, it will be most effective if you do the first two videos (H-P-axis) before any of the others. The notes provide a more detailed summary of each topic and again we encourage you to use the resource (videos and/or notes) that works best for you. Please do try the problems sets for self-review. Both your understanding and retention will increase with application of the new learned information.

6 videos, 1 reading, 2 practice quizzes

Video: Hypothalamus-Anterior Pituitary Axis- GH
Video: Hypothalamus-Posterior Pituitary Axis
Video: Hypothalamus-Pituitary- Adrenal Axis
Video: Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis
Cuestionario de práctica: Practice Problem Set: The Endocrine System
Video: Fed State & Insulin
Video: Fasted State and Glucagon
Cuestionario de práctica: Practice Problem Set: Fuel Homeostasis
Leyendo: Resources

Graded: The Endocrine System Exam

WEEK 8

The Reproductive System

Welcome back! This module continues our discussion of the endocrine system and its control of homeostasis. In this series of videos, we consider how the endocrine system regulates the production of gametes (egg and sperm) in the female and male, respectively, as well as the production of the sex hormones. The things to do this week are to watch the 4 videos, to answer the in-video questions, to read the notes, and to complete the problem set. It will be most effective if you follow the sequence of the lectures on the reproductive system. Again please consult the notes for a more detailed summary of each topic. If you have not tried the problems sets, please do so. They will reinforce your understanding of the newly learned information by applying it. Since these problem sets are delivered in the same electronic format as the exams, by completing them, you will gain confidence in using the electronic test format.

4 videos, 1 reading, 1 practice quiz

Video: Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonad Axis
Video: Sperm and Hormone Production
Video: Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonad Axis
Video: Menstrual Cycle
Cuestionario de práctica: Practice Problem Set: The Reproductive System
Leyendo: Resources

Graded: The Reproductive System Exam

WEEK 9

The Gastrointestinal System

Congratulations! You have almost completed this course. In this module, we consider the inner workings of your gut. Most of our discussions deal with the function of specific regions of the gastrointestinal tract where complex foods are processed into solutes and nutrients that can be absorbed into the body for use as fuel. This “processing plant” acts in a unidirectional manner from mouth to anus and requires the coordinated secretions of acid, enzymes, bases, and fluids for its normal function. What is unusual about the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and its accessory organs, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas, is that their coordinated actions occur in a timely manner without conscious input from the brain. Instead the gut integrates its diverse actions by locally produced chemicals (hormones and paracrines) as well as by the coordinated actions of the enteric nervous system, a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system. In the last lesson of this module, we consider normal motility of the gut, as well as perturbations that result in gastrointestinal distress such as vomiting and diarrhea. The things to do this week are to watch the 4 videos, to answer the in-video questions, to read the notes, and to complete the gastrointestinal problem set. For this topic, the most effective approach will be to follow the sequence of videos as we move along the gastrointestinal tract. The notes provide a more detailed summary of the video lectures. Again, please use the resource (videos and/or notes) that works best for you. However, we encourage you to complete the problem sets as both your understanding and retention will increase with application of the new learned information. Hope you enjoy the week!

4 videos, 1 reading, 1 practice quiz

Video: General Structure and Function
Video: Regulation of Acid Secretion
Video: Digestion and Absorptio
Video: Motility
Cuestionario de práctica: Practice Problem Set: The Gastrointestinal System
Leyendo: Resources

Graded: The Gastrointestinal System Exam

WEEK 10

The Urinary System

Welcome to module 11 and the last organ system to be covered in this course! In this module, we turn our attention to the urinary system and specifically to the functions of the kidney, a filter of the blood. The kidney is a complicated organ whose actions integrate with those of the cardiovascular system to maintain blood pressure and with the respiratory system to maintain acid-base balance. As we progress through this module, we consider the mechanisms by which the kidney regulates the water content and the electrolyte content of the body. We focus on the roles of the normal kidney but also consider changes in homeostasis due to either disease or drugs. The last lesson of this module considers the role of the kidney in regulating acid-base balance of the body and its integration with the respiratory system. The things to do this week are to watch the 6 videos, to answer the in-video questions, to read the notes, and to complete one problem set (urinary system). In this module, the sequence of videos is important. As you proceed through the videos and notes, try to correlate the specific region of the renal tubule with its function. Often this is best achieved by drawing the renal tubule and labeling the specific changes in structure and function. Again, the notes will provide a more detailed summary of the material presented in the videos. Please note that the first two videos correlate with the first set of notes and the third video with the second set of notes. We encourage you to complete the problem set. The problem set is not graded and is for your personal feedback. Both your understanding and retention will increase with application of the new learned information.

6 videos, 1 reading, 1 practice quiz

Video: General Structure and Function
Video: Filtration Rate and Regulation
Video: Reabsorption and Secretion
Video: Regulation of Fluid Balance
Video: General Concepts and Renal Tubule Function
Video: Balance, Disturbances, and Analysis
Cuestionario de práctica: Practice Problem Set: The Urinary System
Leyendo: Resources

Graded: The Urinary System Exam

FAQs

When will I have access to the lectures and assignments?

What if I need additional time to complete the course?

Can I take this course for free?

What is the refund policy?

Is financial aid available?

How It Works

Trabajo del curso

Cada curso es como un libro de texto interactivo, con videos pregrabados, cuestionarios y proyectos.

Ayuda de tus compañeros

Conéctate con miles de estudiantes y debate ideas y materiales del curso, y obtén ayuda para dominar los conceptos.

Certificados

Obtén reconocimiento oficial por tu trabajo y comparte tu éxito con amigos, compañeros y empleadores.

Creators

Duke University

Duke University has about 13,000 undergraduate and graduate students and a world-class faculty helping to expand the frontiers of knowledge. The university has a strong commitment to applying knowledge in service to society, both near its North Carolina campus and around the world.

Ratings and Reviews

Rated 4.7 out of 5 of 1,358 ratings

very useful course

greatky

it is an amazing course it really helps me but i hope that it was been with Arabic subtitles on the vedios

Awesome :)

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Art’ana	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	484m	n/a
Bagebi	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	859m	n/a
Jugaani	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	450m	n/a
Lalisquri	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	441m	n/a
Lap’anquri	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	598m	n/a
Lech’uri	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	577m	n/a
Saniore	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	448m	n/a

Name	Weather forecast	Forecast for altitude			Hotels
Gora Shkhara	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	5068m	3028m	2169m	2 Hotels
Gora Dzhangitau	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	5058m	3523m	2121m	2 Hotels
Mt'a Mqinvartsveri	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	5033m	3577m	2253m	8 Hotels
Gora Tetnul'd	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	4852m	3523m	2121m	7 Hotels
M’ta Ushba	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	4700m	2898m	1700m	19 Hotels
Gora Tebulosmta	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	4493m	2654m	1738m	2 Hotels
Mt'a Shani	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	4451m	3286m	1869m	7 Hotels
Gora Diklosmta	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	4285m	2492m	1920m	2 Hotels
Gora Komito	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	4261m	2934m	1943m	2 Hotels
Gora Kuru	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	4071m	2349m	1766m	8 Hotels
Gora Shino	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	4047m	2651m	1766m	7 Hotels
Gora Dombay-Ul’gen	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	4016m	2997m	864m	5 Hotels
Mt’a Lahili	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	4010m	3063m	1676m	19 Hotels
Mt’a Shdavleri	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	3996m	3089m	1215m	19 Hotels
Mt'a Ts'alsagi	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	3992m	3015m	1494m	19 Hotels
Gora Layla	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	3985m	3063m	1676m	19 Hotels
Gora Gvandra	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	3983m	2780m	1251m	17 Hotels
Mt'a Khalatsa	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	3938m	3030m	1679m	1 Hotels
Gora Ertsog	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	3910m	3026m	1352m	5 Hotels
Gora Zilgakhokh	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	3856m	2137m	1638m	7 Hotels
Gora Moguashirkha	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	3852m	2780m	1251m	12 Hotels
Gora Chaikhi-Severnaya	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	3842m	2958m	1625m	7 Hotels
Mt’a Amugo	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	3840m	2364m	1700m	2 Hotels
Gora Tsitiaup	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	3832m	2882m	1638m	7 Hotels
Gora Pshish	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	3790m	2839m	1559m	5 Hotels
P'asismt'a	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	3779m	2895m	1598m	1 Hotels
Gora Ullu-Tau-Chana	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	3776m	2462m	1694m	19 Hotels
Gora Sakashil-Bash	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	3776m	2462m	1694m	19 Hotels
Gora Leyrak	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	3754m	2283m	1494m	19 Hotels
Mt’a Khorisari	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	3738m	2471m	1689m	7 Hotels
Gora Gimarakhokh	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	3716m	2378m	1489m	7 Hotels
Gora Kharikhra	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	3710m	2608m	1476m	11 Hotels
Gora Sherkhota	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	3694m	2379m	1606m	7 Hotels
Gora Lazg-Tsiti	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	3693m	2882m	1638m	7 Hotels
Gora Chaukhi	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	3688m	2347m	1625m	7 Hotels
Gora Sherkhota	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	3670m	2503m	1640m	7 Hotels
Gora Bursamdzeli	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	3661m	2449m	1534m	4 Hotels
Gora Maamgov	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	3608m	2560m	1640m	5 Hotels
Mt’a Moda	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	3608m	2208m	1315m	1 Hotels
Gora Esikom	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days	3587m	2161m	1561m	7 Hotels

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Name Weather forecast Base altitude Top altitude Hotels

Bakuriani Today | Tomorrow | 7 days | Weekend 1700m 2200m 16 Hotels

Gudauri Today | Tomorrow | 7 days | Weekend 2158m 3358m 7 Hotels

Destinations

Name	Weather forecast	Altitiude	Attractions	Hotels
Batumi	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days \| Weekend	0m	4	62 Hotels
Kobuleti	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days \| Weekend	0m	4	62 Hotels
Kutaisi	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days \| Weekend	0m	3	11 Hotels
Mazeri	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days \| Weekend	1700m	1	19 Hotels
Mestia	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days \| Weekend	1417m	0	19 Hotels
Poti	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days \| Weekend	0m	1	17 Hotels
Sukhumi	Today \| Tomorrow \| 7 days \| Weekend	0m	2	5 Hotels