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GARLIC
Other Names:
Aged Garlic Extract, Ail, Ail Blanc, Ail Cultive, Ail Rocambole, Ajo, Alho, Allii Sativi Bulbus, Allium, Allium sativum, Angio D'India, Camphor Of The Poor, Clove Garlic, Common Garlic, Da Suan, Echte Rokkenbolle, Echter Knoblauch, Garlic Clove,...
See All NamesAged Garlic Extract, Ail, Ail Blanc, Ail Cultive, Ail Rocambole, Ajo, Alho, Allii Sativi Bulbus, Allium, Allium sativum, Angio D'India, Camphor Of The Poor, Clove Garlic, Common Garlic, Da Suan, Echte Rokkenbolle, Echter Knoblauch, Garlic Clove, Garlic Oil, Knoblauch, Lasun, Lasuna, Maneul, Nectar Of The Gods, Ninniku, Ophio Garlic, Poor Man's Treacle, Rason, Rocambole, Rockenbolle, Rust Treacle, Schlangenknoblauch, Serpent Garlic, Spanish Garlic, Stinking Rose, Suan, Thoum, Vitlok.
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GARLIC Overview Information
Garlic is an herb that is grown around the world. It is related to onion, leeks, and chives. It is thought that garlic is native to Siberia, but spread to other parts of the world over 5000 years ago.
Garlic is used for many conditions related to the heart and blood system. These conditions include high blood pressure, low blood pressure, high cholesterol, inherited high cholesterol, coronary heart disease, heart attack, reduced blood flow due to narrowed arteries, and "hardening of the arteries" (atherosclerosis).
Some people use garlic to prevent colon cancer, rectal cancer, stomach cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, multiple myeloma, and lung cancer. It is also used to treat prostate cancer and bladder cancer.
Garlic has been tried for treating an enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia; BPH), cystic fibrosis, diabetes, osteoarthritis, hayfever (allergic rhinitis), traveler's diarrhea, high blood pressure late in pregnancy (pre-eclampsia), yeast infection, flu, and swine flu. It is also used to prevent tick bites, as a mosquito repellant, and for preventing the common cold, and treating and preventing bacterial and fungal infections.
Garlic is also used for earaches, chronic fatigue syndrome, menstrual disorders, abnormal cholesterol levels caused by HIV drugs, hepatitis, shortness of breath related to liver disease, stomach ulcers caused by H. pylori infection, exercise performance, exercise-induced muscle soreness, a condition that causes lumps in the breast tissue called fibrocystic breast disease, a skin condition called scleroderma, and lead toxicity.
Other uses include treatment of fever, coughs, headache, stomach ache, sinus congestion, gout, joint pain, hemorrhoids, asthma, bronchitis, shortness of breath, low blood sugar, snakebites, diarrhea and bloody diarrhea, tuberculosis, bloody urine, a serious nose and throat infection called diphtheria, whooping cough, tooth sensitivity, stomach inflammation (gastritis), scalp ringworm, and a sexually transmitted disease called vaginal trichomoniasis. It is also used for fighting stress and fatigue.
Some people apply garlic oil to their skin or nails to treat fungal infections, warts, and corns. It is also applied to the skin for hair loss and thrush.
Garlic is used in the vagina for yeast infections.
Garlic is injected into the body for chest pain.
In foods and beverages, fresh garlic, garlic powder, and garlic oil are used to add flavor.
How does it work?
Garlic produces a chemical called allicin. This is what seems to make garlic work for certain conditions. Allicin also makes garlic smell. Some products are made "odorless" by aging the garlic, but this process can also make the garlic less effective. It's a good idea to look for supplements that are coated (enteric coating) so they will dissolve in the intestine and not in the stomach.
GARLIC Uses & Effectiveness 
Possibly Effective for:
- Hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis). As people age, their arteries tend to lose their ability to stretch and flex. Garlic seems to reduce this effect. Taking a specific garlic powder supplement (Allicor, INAT-Farma, Moscow, Russia) twice daily for 24 months seems to reduce how much hardening of the arteries progresses. Higher doses of this product seem to provide more benefits in women than men when taken over a four year period. Research with other products containing garlic along with other ingredients (Kyolic, Total Heart Health, Formula 108, Wakunga) have also shown benefits.
- Colon cancer, rectal cancer. Research suggests that eating garlic can reduce the risk of developing colon or rectal cancer. Also, in people diagnosed with a certain type of colon and rectal tumors, taking high doses of aged garlic extract daily for 12 months seems to reduce the risk of developing new tumors. However, other garlic supplements do not seem to offer the same benefit.
- High blood pressure. Some research shows that garlic by mouth can reduce blood pressure by as much as 7% or 8% in people with high blood pressure. Most studies have used a specific garlic powder product (Kwai, from Lichtwer Pharma).
- Prostate cancer. Men in China who eat about one clove of garlic daily seem to have a 50% lower risk of developing prostate cancer. Also, population research shows that eating garlic may be associated with a reduced risk of developing prostate cancer. But other research suggests that eating garlic does not affect prostate cancer risk in men from Iran. Early clinical research suggests that taking garlic extract supplements might reduce the risk of prostate cancer or reduce symptoms associated with prostate cancer.
- Tick bites. People who consume high amounts of garlic over about an 8-week period seem to have a reduced number of tick bites. But it's not clear how garlic compares to commercially available tick repellants.
- Ringworm. Applying a gel containing 0.6% ajoene, a chemical in garlic, twice daily for one week seems to be as effective as antifungal medication for treating ringworm.
- Jock itch. Applying a gel containing 0.6% ajoene, a chemical in garlic, twice daily for one week seems to be as effective as antifungal medication for treating jock itch.
- Athlete's foot. Applying a gel containing 1% ajoene, a chemical in garlic, seems to be effective for treating athlete's foot. Also, applying a garlic gel with 1% ajoene seems to be about as effective as the medicine Lamisil for treating athlete's foot.
Possibly Ineffective for:
- Breast cancer. Taking garlic does not seem to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer.
- Cystic fibrosis. Research suggests that taking garlic oil macerate daily for 8 weeks does not improve lung function, symptoms, or the need for antibiotics in children with cystic fibrosis and lung infection.
- Diabetes. Some research suggests that taking a specific garlic product (Allicor, INAT-Farma, Moscow, Russia) along with antidiabetes medication for 4-24 weeks can reduce blood sugar, cholesterol, and triglycerides in people with diabetes. However, analyses of research suggest that garlic does not seem to have any effect on blood sugar or cholesterol in people with or without diabetes.
- Inherited high cholesterol. In children with high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL or "bad") cholesterol, taking garlic powdered extract by mouth does not seem to improve cholesterol levels or blood pressure.
- Infections caused by helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria. Taking garlic by mouth for H. pylori infection used to look promising due to laboratory evidence showing potential activity against H. pylori. However, when garlic cloves, powder, or oil is used in humans, it does not seem to help treat people infected with H. pylori.
- High cholesterol. Research on the effects of garlic on cholesterol and triglyceride levels is inconsistent. Some research shows that garlic might have beneficial effects short-term. However, garlic does not seem to have any benefits after 6 months. Also, if only the high quality studies are considered, garlic does not appear to lower cholesterol or triglyceride levels.
- Lung cancer. Taking garlic by mouth does not seem to reduce the risk of developing lung cancer.
- Mosquito repellent. Taking garlic by mouth does not seem to repel mosquitos.
- Leg pain caused by poor blood circulation in the legs (peripheral arterial disease or PAD). Taking garlic by mouth for 12 weeks does not seem to reduce leg pain when walking due to poor circulation in the legs.
- High blood pressure in pregnancy (pre-eclampsia). Early evidence suggests that taking a specific garlic extract (Garlet) daily during the third trimester of pregnancy does not reduce the risk of developing high blood pressure in women who are at high risk or pregnant for the first time.
Insufficient Evidence for:
- Hair loss (alopecia areata). Early evidence suggests that applying a garlic 5% gel along with a topical steroid for 3 months increases hair growth in people with hair loss.
- Chest pain (angina). Early research suggests that administering garlic intravenously (by IV) for 10 days reduces chest pain compared to intravenous nitroglycerin.
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Early research suggests that taking a liquid garlic extract daily for one month reduces prostate mass and urinary frequency. But the quality of this research is questionable.
- Common cold. Early research suggests that garlic might reduce the frequency and number of colds when taken for prevention.
- Clogged arteries (coronary heart disease). Some early research suggests that taking a specific garlic product (Allicor, INAT-Farma, Moscow, Russia) for 12 months reduces the risk of sudden death and heart attack in people at risk for developing clogged arteries. Other early research suggests that taking a supplement containing aged garlic (Kyolic, Total Heart Health, Formula 108, Wakunga) might prevent clogged arteries from worsening.
- Corns. Early research suggests that applying certain garlic extracts to corns on the feet twice daily improves corns. One particular garlic extract that dissolves in fat seems to work after 10-20 days of treatment.
- Cancer in the esophagus. Early research on the use of garlic for preventing cancer in the esophagus is inconsistent. Some evidence suggests that eating raw garlic does not prevent the development of cancer in the esophagus. However, other population research suggests that consuming garlic weekly does decrease the risk of developing cancer in the esophagus.
- Muscle soreness after exercise. Early evidence suggests that taking allicin, a chemical in garlic, daily for 14 days can reduce muscle soreness after exercise in athletes.
- Exercise performance. Early research suggests that taking a single 900 mg dose of garlic before exercise can increase endurance in young athletes.
- Lumpy breast tissue (fibrocystic breast disease). Early research suggests that taking a specific combination product (Karinat, INAT-Farma, Moscow Russia) containing garlic, beta-carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C twice daily for 6 months reduces the severity of breast pain, premenstrual syndrome, and lumpy breast tissue in people with fibrocystic breast disease.
- Stomach cancer. Some research suggests that eating more garlic is linked to a lower risk of developing stomach cancer. But taking a specific aged garlic extract (Kyolic, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co) does not seem to reduce the risk of developing pre-cancer in the stomach.
- Stomach inflammation (gastritis). Early research suggests that taking a specific combination product containing garlic (Karinat, INAT-Farma, Moscow Russia) twice daily for 6 months improves digestion, stops the growth of certain bacteria (H. pylori), and reduces the risk of stomach cancer in people with stomach inflammation. However, the effect of garlic alone has not been determined.
- Hepatitis. Early research suggests that taking garlic oil together with diphenyl-dimethyl-dicarboxylate improves liver function in people with hepatitis. However, the effects of garlic alone are not clear.
- Shortness of breath and low oxygen levels associated with liver disease (hepatopulmonary syndrome). Early research suggests that taking garlic oil for 9-18 months might improve oxygen levels in people with hepatopulmonary syndrome.
- Lead poisoning. Early research suggests that taking garlic three times daily for 4 weeks can reduce blood lead concentrations in people with lead poisoning. But it does not seem to be more effective than D-penicillamine.
- Cancer of certain bone marrow cells (multiple myeloma). Early research suggests that taking garlic might be linked with a lower risk of developing cancer of the plasma cells in the bone marrow.
- Thrush (oral candidiasis). Early research suggests that applying garlic paste to affected areas in the mouth can increase the healing rate in people with oral thrush.
- Mouth ulcers (oral mucositis). Early research suggests that using a garlic mouthwash three times daily for 4 weeks improves redness in people with mouth sores. People seem to be more satisfied with garlic than the drug nystatin, but it is less effective.
- Hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissue (scleroderma). Research suggests that taking garlic daily for 7 days does not benefit people with scleroderma.
- Vaginal yeast infections. Some early research suggests that applying a vaginal cream containing garlic and thyme nightly for 7 nights is as effective as clotrimazole vaginal cream for treating yeast infections. But other early research suggests that taking garlic (Garlicin, Nature's Way) twice daily for 14 days does not improve symptoms.
- Warts. Early evidence suggests that applying a specific fat-soluble garlic extract to warts on the hands twice daily removes warts within 1-2 weeks. Also, a water-soluble garlic extract seems to provide modest improvement, but only after 30-40 days of treatment.
- Weight loss. Early research suggests that taking a combination product (Prograde Metabolism) containing many different extracts including garlic root extract twice daily for 8 weeks reduces body weight, fat mass, and waist and hip circumference when used together with diet and exercise.
- Other conditions.
GARLIC Side Effects & Safety
Garlic is LIKELY SAFE for most people when taken by mouth appropriately. Garlic has been used safely in research for up to 7 years. When taken by mouth, garlic can cause bad breath, a burning sensation in the mouth or stomach, heartburn, gas, nausea, vomiting, body odor, and diarrhea. These side effects are often worse with raw garlic. Garlic may also increase the risk of bleeding. There have been reports of bleeding after surgery in people who have taken garlic. Asthma has been reported in people working with garlic, and other allergic reactions are possible.
Garlic products are POSSIBLY SAFE when applied to the skin. Gels, pastes, and mouthwashes containing garlic have been used for up to 3 months. However, when applied to the skin, garlic might cause skin damage that is similar to a burn.
RAW garlic is POSSIBLY UNSAFE when applied to the skin. Raw garlic might cause severe skin irritation when it is applied to the skin.
Special Precautions & Warnings:
Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Garlic is LIKELY SAFE to use during pregnancy when taken in the amounts normally found in food. Garlic is POSSIBLY UNSAFE when used in medicinal amounts during pregnancy and when breast-feeding. There is not enough reliable information about the safety of applying garlic to the skin if you are pregnant or breast feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.Children: Garlic is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth and appropriately for a short-term in children. However, garlic is POSSIBLY UNSAFE when taken by mouth in large doses. Some sources suggest that high doses of garlic could be dangerous or even fatal to children. The reason for this warning is not known. There are no case reports available of significant adverse events or mortality in children associated with taking garlic by mouth. When applied to the skin, garlic might cause damage to the skin that is similar to a burn.
Bleeding disorder: Garlic, especially fresh garlic, might increase the risk of bleeding.
Stomach or digestion problems: Garlic can irritate the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Use with caution if you have stomach or digestion problems.
Low blood pressure: Garlic can lower blood pressure. In theory, taking garlic might make blood pressure become too low in people with low blood pressure.
Surgery: Garlic might prolong bleeding and interfere with blood pressure. Stop taking garlic at least two weeks before a scheduled surgery.
GARLIC Interactions
Major Interaction Do not take this combination
- Isoniazid (Nydrazid, INH) interacts with GARLIC
Garlic might reduce how much isoniazid (Nydrazid, INH) the body absorbs. This might decrease how well isoniazid (Nydrazid, INH) works. Don't take garlic if you take isoniazid (Nydrazid, INH).
- Medications used for HIV/AIDS (Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)) interacts with GARLIC
The body breaks down medications used for HIV/AIDS to get rid of them. Garlic can increase how fast the body breaks down some medication for HIV/AIDS. Taking garlic along with some medications used for HIV/AIDS might decrease the effectiveness of some medications used for HIV/AIDS.
Some of these medications used for HIV/AIDS include nevirapine (Viramune), delavirdine (Rescriptor), and efavirenz (Sustiva). - Saquinavir (Fortovase, Invirase) interacts with GARLIC
The body breaks down saquinavir (Fortovase, Invirase) to get rid of it. Garlic might increase how quickly the body breaks down saquinavir. Taking garlic along with saquinavir (Fortovase, Invirase) might decrease the effectiveness of saquinavir (Fortovase, Invirase).
Moderate Interaction Be cautious with this combination
- Birth control pills (Contraceptive drugs) interacts with GARLIC
Some birth control pills contain estrogen. The body breaks down the estrogen in birth control pills to get rid of it. Garlic might increase the breakdown of estrogen. Taking garlic along with birth control pills might decrease the effectiveness of birth control pills. If you take birth control pills along with garlic, use an additional form of birth control such as a condom.
Some birth control pills include ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel (Triphasil), ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone (Ortho-Novum 1/35, Ortho-Novum 7/7/7), and others. - Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune) interacts with GARLIC
The body breaks down cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune) to get rid of it. Garlic might increase how quickly the body breaks down cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune). Taking garlic along with cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune) might decrease the effectiveness of cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune). Do not take garlic if you are taking cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune).
- Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) substrates) interacts with GARLIC
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver.
Garlic oil might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking garlic oil along with some medications that are changed by the liver can increase the effects and side effects of your medication. Before taking garlic oil talk to your healthcare provider if you take any medications that are changed by the liver.
Some medications that are changed by the liver include acetaminophen, chlorzoxazone (Parafon Forte), ethanol, theophylline, and drugs used for anesthesia during surgery such as enflurane (Ethrane), halothane (Fluothane), isoflurane (Forane), and methoxyflurane (Penthrane). - Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates) interacts with GARLIC
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver.
Garlic might increase how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking garlic along with some medications that are broken down by the liver can decrease the effectiveness of some medications. Before taking garlic talk to your healthcare provider if you are taking any medications that are changed by the liver.
Some medications changed by this liver include lovastatin (Mevacor), ketoconazole (Nizoral), itraconazole (Sporanox), fexofenadine (Allegra), triazolam (Halcion), and many others. - Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs) interacts with GARLIC
Garlic might slow blood clotting. Taking garlic along with medications that also slow clotting might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding.
Some medications that slow blood clotting include aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), diclofenac (Voltaren, Cataflam, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others), naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn, others), dalteparin (Fragmin), enoxaparin (Lovenox), heparin, warfarin (Coumadin), and others. - Warfarin (Coumadin) interacts with GARLIC
Warfarin (Coumadin) is used to slow blood clotting. Garlic might increase the effectiveness of warfarin (Coumadin). Taking garlic along with warfarin (Coumadin) might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding. Be sure to have your blood checked regularly. The dose of your warfarin (Coumadin) might need to be changed.
GARLIC Dosing
The following doses have been studied in scientific research:
BY MOUTH:
- For hardening of the arteries: A 300 mg garlic powder tablet (Kwai, Lichtwer Pharma), taken as a single dose or three times daily for up to 4 years, has been used. Also, 150 mg of a specific garlic supplement (Allicor, INAT-Farma, Moscow, Russia) twice daily for 24 months has been used. Combination products containing garlic have also been used. A specific aged garlic extract supplement (Kyolic, Total Heart Health, Formula 108, Wakunga) containing 250 mg of aged garlic extract taken daily for 12 months, has been used. Also, a combination product containing 300 mg aged garlic extract, taken at a dose of four tablets daily for one year, has been used.
- For colon cancer and rectal cancer: Capsules containing 2.4 mL of aged garlic extract taken daily for 12 months have been used.
- For high blood pressure: 300 mg to 1500 mg of garlic tablets taken in divided doses daily for 24 weeks has been used. 2400 mg of a specific garlic powder tablet (Kwai, Lichtwer Pharma) taken as a single dose or 600 mg daily for 12 weeks has been used. Capsules containing 960 mg to 7.2 grams of aged garlic extract, taken daily in up to three divided doses for up to 6 months, have been used. Specific products containing aged garlic extract include Kyolic (Garlic High Potency Everyday Formula 112, Wakunga/Wagner). 500 mg of garlic oil 500 mg plus 600 mg of fish oil daily for 60 days has been used.
- For prostate cancer: 1 mg/kg of a water-soluble garlic extract, taken daily for one month, has been used.
- For tick bites: Capsules containing 1200 mg of garlic taken daily for 8 weeks has been used.
- For fungal skin infections (ringworm, jock itch, athlete's foot): garlic ingredient ajoene as a 0.4% cream, 0.6% gel, and 1% gel applied twice daily for one week has been used. .
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Kianoush, S., Balali-Mood, M., Mousavi, S. R., Moradi, V., Sadeghi, M., Dadpour, B., Rajabi, O., and Shakeri, M. T. Comparison of therapeutic effects of garlic and d-Penicillamine in patients with chronic occupational lead poisoning. Basic Clin.Pharmacol.Toxicol. 2012;110(5):476-481. View abstract.
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Kim, J. Y. and Kwon, O. Garlic intake and cancer risk: an analysis using the Food and Drug Administration's evidence-based review system for the scientific evaluation of health claims. Am.J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(1):257-264. View abstract.
Knowles, L. M. and Milner, J. A. Possible mechanism by which allyl sulfides suppress neoplastic cell proliferation. J Nutr. 2001;131(3s):1061S-1066S. View abstract.
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Kockar, C., Ozturk, M., and Bavbek, N. Helicobacter pylori eradication with beta carotene, ascorbic acid and allicin. Acta Medica.(Hradec.Kralove) 2001;44(3):97-100. View abstract.
Eming, S. A., Piontek, J. O., Hunzelmann, N., Rasokat, H., and Scharffetter-Kachanek, K. Severe toxic contact dermatitis caused by garlic. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141(2):391-392. View abstract.
Abbruzzese, M. R., Delaha, E. C., and Garagusi, V. F. Absence of antimycobacterial synergism between garlic extract and antituberculosis drugs. Diagn.Microbiol.Infect.Dis. 1987;8(2):79-85. View abstract.
Adachi, A. [Two cases of eosinophilic gastroenteritis whose causative allergens are usefully diagnosed by patch test]. Arerugi 2010;59(5):545-551. View abstract.
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Ahmad, M. S., Pischetsrieder, M., and Ahmed, N. Aged garlic extract and S-allyl cysteine prevent formation of advanced glycation endproducts. Eur.J Pharmacol. 4-30-2007;561(1-3):32-38. View abstract.
Ahmadi, N., Tsimikas, S., Hajsadeghi, F., Saeed, A., Nabavi, V., Bevinal, M. A., Kadakia, J., Flores, F., Ebrahimi, R., and Budoff, M. J. Relation of oxidative biomarkers, vascular dysfunction, and progression of coronary artery calcium. Am.J.Cardiol. 2-15-2010;105(4):459-466. View abstract.
Alder, R., Lookinland, S., Berry, J. A., and Williams, M. A systematic review of the effectiveness of garlic as an anti-hyperlipidemic agent. J Am Acad.Nurse Pract. 2003;15(3):120-129. View abstract.
Ali, M. and Thomson, M. Consumption of a garlic clove a day could be beneficial in preventing thrombosis. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 1995;53(3):211-212. View abstract.
Ali, M. Mechanism by which garlic (Allium sativum) inhibits cyclooxygenase activity. Effect of raw versus boiled garlic extract on the synthesis of prostanoids. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 1995;53(6):397-400. View abstract.
Ambati, S., Yang, J. Y., Rayalam, S., Park, H. J., Della-Fera, M. A., and Baile, C. A. Ajoene exerts potent effects in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by inhibiting adipogenesis and inducing apoptosis. Phytother.Res. 2009;23(4):513-518. View abstract.
Andrianova, I. V., Fomchenkov, I. V., and Orekhov, A. N. [Hypotensive effect of long-acting garlic tablets allicor (a double-blind placebo-controlled trial)]. Ter.Arkh. 2002;74(3):76-78. View abstract.
Andrianova, I. V., Ionova, V. G., Demina, E. G., Shabalina, A. A., Karabasova, IaA, Liutova, L. I., Povorinskaia, T. E., and Orekhov, A. N. [Use of allikor for the normalization of fibrinolysis and hemostasis in patients with chronic cerebrovascular diseases]. Klin.Med (Mosk) 2001;79(11):55-58. View abstract.
Andrianova, I. V., Sobenin, I. A., Sereda, E. V., Borodina, L. I., and Studenikin, M. I. [Effect of long-acting garlic tablets "allicor" on the incidence of acute respiratory viral infections in children]. Ter.Arkh. 2003;75(3):53-56. View abstract.
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Apitz-Castro, R., Escalante, J., Vargas, R., and Jain, M. K. Ajoene, the antiplatelet principle of garlic, synergistically potentiates the antiaggregatory action of prostacyclin, forskolin, indomethacin and dypiridamole on human platelets. Thromb.Res 5-1-1986;42(3):303-311. View abstract.
Ashraf, M. Z., Hussain, M. E., and Fahim, M. Endothelium mediated vasorelaxant response of garlic in isolated rat aorta: role of nitric oxide. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;90(1):5-9. View abstract.
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Ayala-Zavala, J. F., Gonzalez-Aguilar, G. A., and Toro-Sanchez, L. Enhancing safety and aroma appealing of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables using the antimicrobial and aromatic power of essential oils. J Food Sci 2009;74(7):R84-R91. View abstract.
Bagga, S., Thomas, B. S., and Bhat, M. Garlic burn as self-inflicted mucosal injury--a case report and review of the literature. Quintessence.Int. 2008;39(6):491-494. View abstract.
Bakhshi, M., Taheri, J. B., Shabestari, S. B., Tanik, A., and Pahlevan, R. Comparison of therapeutic effect of aqueous extract of garlic and nystatin mouthwash in denture stomatitis. Gerodontology. 2012;29(2):e680-e684. View abstract.
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Berspalov, V. G., Shcherbakov, A. M., Kalinovskii, V. P., Novik, V. I., Chepik, O. F., Aleksandrov, V. A., Sobenin, I. A., and Orekhov, A. N. [Study of the antioxidant drug "Karinat" in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis]. Vopr.Onkol. 2004;50(1):81-85. View abstract.
Bespalov, V. G., Barash, N. I., Ivanova, O. A., Krzhivitskii, P. I., Semiglazov, V. F., Aleksandrov, V. A., Sobenin, N. A., and Orekhov, A. N. [Study of an antioxidant dietary supplement "Karinat" in patients with benign breast disease]. Vopr.Onkol. 2004;50(4):467-472. View abstract.
Bhushan, S., Sharma, S. P., Singh, S. P., Agrawal, S., Indrayan, A., and Seth, P. Effect of garlic on normal blood cholesterol level. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1979;23(3):211-214. View abstract.
Bhuvaneswari, V., Abraham, S. K., and Nagini, S. Combinatorial antigenotoxic and anticarcinogenic effects of tomato and garlic through modulation of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes during hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Nutrition 2005;21(6):726-731. View abstract.
Bimmermann A, Weingart K, and Schwartzkopff W. Allium sativum: Studie zur Wirksamkeit bei Hyperlipoproteinamie. Therapiewoche 1988;38:3885-3890.
Bleumink, E. and Nater, J. P. Contact dermatitis to garlic; crossreactivity between garlic, onion and tulip. Arch.Dermatol.Forsch 8-15-1973;247(2):117-124. View abstract.
Bleumink, E., Doeglas, H. M., Klokke, A. H., and Nater, J. P. Allergic contact dermatitis to garlic. Br.J Dermatol. 1972;87(1):6-9. View abstract.
Block, E. The chemistry of garlic and onions. Sci Am 1985;252(3):114-119. View abstract.
Bojs, G. and Svensson, A. Contact allergy to garlic used for wound healing. Contact Dermatitis 1988;18(3):179-181. View abstract.
Bordel-Gomez, M. T. and Miranda-Romero, A. Sensitivity to diallyl disulfide in a Spanish population. Contact Dermatitis 2008;59(2):125-126. View abstract.
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Bordia A. Knoblauch und koronare Herzkrankheit: Wirkungen einer dreijahrigen Behandlung min Knoblauchextrakt auf die Reinfarkt und Mortalitatsrate. Dtsch Apoth Ztg 1989;129(suppl 15):1-25.
Bordia, A. Effect of garlic on blood lipids in patients with coronary heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34(10):2100-2103. View abstract.
Bordia, A. K., Joshi, H. K., Sanadhya, Y. K., and Bhu, N. Effect of essential oil of garlic on serum fibrinolytic activity in patients with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 1977;28(2):155-159. View abstract.
Bordia, A., Bansal, H. C., Arora, S. K., and Singh, S. V. Effect of the essential oils of garlic and onion on alimentary hyperlipemia. Atherosclerosis 1975;21(1):15-19. View abstract.
Bordia, A., Verma, S. K., and Srivastava, K. C. Effect of garlic on platelet aggregation in humans: a study in healthy subjects and patients with coronary artery disease. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1996;55(3):201-205. View abstract.
Bordia, T., Mohammed, N., Thomson, M., and Ali, M. An evaluation of garlic and onion as antithrombotic agents. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1996;54(3):183-186. View abstract.
Bottone, F. G., Jr., Baek, S. J., Nixon, J. B., and Eling, T. E. Diallyl disulfide (DADS) induces the antitumorigenic NSAID-activated gene (NAG-1) by a p53-dependent mechanism in human colorectal HCT 116 cells. J Nutr. 2002;132(4):773-778. View abstract.
Bradley R, Endres J, Hockenberry D, and et al. Investigation of garlic-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines [poster presentation]. International Scientific Conference on Complementary, Alternative and Integrative Medicine Research, Boston, MA, 2002.
Brosche, T. and Platt, D. [Garlic as phytogenic antilipemic agent. Recent studies with a standardized dry garlic powder substance]. Fortschr.Med 12-20-1990;108(36):703-706. View abstract.
Brosche, T., Platt, D., and Dorner, H. The effect of a garlic preparation on the composition of plasma lipoproteins and erythrocyte membranes in geriatric subjects. Br.J Clin Pract.Suppl 1990;69:12-19. View abstract.
Budoff, M. J., Takasu, J., Flores, F. R., Niihara, Y., Lu, B., Lau, B. H., Rosen, R. T., and Amagase, H. Inhibiting progression of coronary calcification using Aged Garlic Extract in patients receiving statin therapy: a preliminary study. Prev.Med 2004;39(5):985-991. View abstract.
Buhshan S, Sharma SP, Singh SP, and et al. Effect of garlic on normal blood cholesterol level. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1979;23:211-214.
Buiatti, E., Palli, D., Decarli, A., Amadori, D., Avellini, C., Bianchi, S., Biserni, R., Cipriani, F., Cocco, P., Giacosa, A., and . A case-control study of gastric cancer and diet in Italy. Int J Cancer 10-15-1989;44(4):611-616. View abstract.
Byrne, D. J., Neil, H. A., Vallance, D. T., and Winder, A. F. A pilot study of garlic consumption shows no significant effect on markers of oxidation or sub-fraction composition of low-density lipoprotein including lipoprotein(a) after allowance for non-compliance and the placebo effect. Clin Chim.Acta 1999;285(1-2):21-33. View abstract.
Campbell, J. H., Efendy, J. L., Smith, N. J., and Campbell, G. R. Molecular basis by which garlic suppresses atherosclerosis. J Nutr 2001;131(3s):1006S-1009S. View abstract.
Campos, R., Amato, Neto, V, Castanho, R. E., Moreira, A. A., and Pinto, P. L. [Treatment of ascaridiasis with garlic (Allium sativum)]. Rev Hosp.Clin Fac.Med Sao Paulo 1990;45(5):213-215. View abstract.
Canduela, V., Mongil, I., Carrascosa, M., Docio, S., and Cagigas, P. Garlic: always good for the health? Br J Dermatol. 1995;132(1):161-162. View abstract.
Caporaso, N., Smith, S. M., and Eng, R. H. Antifungal activity in human urine and serum after ingestion of garlic (Allium sativum). Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 1983;23(5):700-702. View abstract.
Capraz, M., Dilek, M., and Akpolat, T. Garlic, hypertension and patient education. Int.J Cardiol. 9-14-2007;121(1):130-131. View abstract.
Cavallito CJ and Bailey JH. Allicin, the antibacterail principle of Allium sativum. 1. Isolation, physical properties and antibacterial action. J Am Chem Soc 1944;66:1950-1954.
Challier, B., Perarnau, J. M., and Viel, J. F. Garlic, onion and cereal fibre as protective factors for breast cancer: a French case-control study. Eur.J Epidemiol. 1998;14(8):737-747. View abstract.
Chauhan, N. B. and Sandoval, J. Amelioration of early cognitive deficits by aged garlic extract in Alzheimer's transgenic mice. Phytother.Res. 2007;21(7):629-640. View abstract.
Chauhan, N. B. Effect of aged garlic extract on APP processing and tau phosphorylation in Alzheimer's transgenic model Tg2576. J Ethnopharmacol. 12-6-2006;108(3):385-394. View abstract.
Chavan, S. D., Shetty, N. L., and Kanuri, M. Comparative evaluation of garlic extract mouthwash and chlorhexidine mouthwash on salivary Streptococcus mutans count - an in vitro study. Oral Health Prev.Dent. 2010;8(4):369-374. View abstract.
Chu, Q., Lee, D. T., Tsao, S. W., Wang, X., and Wong, Y. C. S-allylcysteine, a water-soluble garlic derivative, suppresses the growth of a human androgen-independent prostate cancer xenograft, CWR22R, under in vivo conditions. BJU.Int. 2007;99(4):925-932. View abstract.
Chu, T. C., Han, P., Han, G., and Potter, D. E. Intraocular pressure lowering by S-allylmercaptocysteine in rabbits. J Ocul.Pharmacol.Ther 1999;15(1):9-17. View abstract.
Cohain, J. S. Long-term symptomatic group B streptococcal vulvovaginitis: eight cases resolved with freshly cut garlic. Eur.J Obstet.Gynecol.Reprod.Biol. 2009;146(1):110-111. View abstract.
Cook-Mozaffari, P. J., Azordegan, F., Day, N. E., Ressicaud, A., Sabai, C., and Aramesh, B. Oesophageal cancer studies in the Caspian Littoral of Iran: results of a case-control study. Br.J Cancer 1979;39(3):293-309. View abstract.
Coppi, A., Cabinian, M., Mirelman, D., and Sinnis, P. Antimalarial activity of allicin, a biologically active compound from garlic cloves. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 2006;50(5):1731-1737. View abstract.
Czerny B and Samochowiec J. Klinische Untersuchungen mit einem Knoblauch-Lezithin-Präparat. Arztezeitschr Naturheilverf 1996;37:126-129.
Das, I., Khan, N. S., and Sooranna, S. R. Potent activation of nitric oxide synthase by garlic: a basis for its therapeutic applications. Curr.Med Res Opin. 1995;13(5):257-263. View abstract.
Das, I., Patel, S., and Sooranna, S. R. Effects of aspirin and garlic on cyclooxygenase-induced chemiluminescence in human term placenta. Biochem Soc.Trans. 1997;25(1):99S. View abstract.
Dausch, J. G. and Nixon, D. W. Garlic: a review of its relationship to malignant disease. Prev.Med 1990;19(3):346-361. View abstract.
Davis LE, Shen J, and Royer RE. In vitro synergism of concentrated allium sativum extract and amphotericin B against cryptococcus neoformans. Planta Med 1994;60:546-549.
Davis, L. E., Shen, J. K., and Cai, Y. Antifungal activity in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma after intravenous administration of Allium sativum. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 1990;34(4):651-653. View abstract.
Davis, S. R., Perrie, R., and Apitz-Castro, R. The in vitro susceptibility of Scedosporium prolificans to ajoene, allitridium and a raw extract of garlic (Allium sativum). J Antimicrob.Chemother. 2003;51(3):593-597. View abstract.
de Rooij, B. M., Boogaard, P. J., Rijksen, D. A., Commandeur, J. N., and Vermeulen, N. P. Urinary excretion of N-acetyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine upon garlic consumption by human volunteers. Arch.Toxicol 1996;70(10):635-639. View abstract.
de Santos AO and Jones RA. Effects of garlic powder and garlic oil preparations on blood lipids, blood pressure and well-being. Br J Clin Res 1995;6:91-100.
De Santos O and Grunwald J. Effect of garlic powder tablets on blood lipids and blood pressure: a six month placebo controlled double blind study. Br J Clin Res 1993;4:37-44.
De, B. K., Dutta, D., Pal, S. K., Gangopadhyay, S., Das, Baksi S., and Pani, A. The role of garlic in hepatopulmonary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Can.J.Gastroenterol. 2010;24(3):183-188. View abstract.
Delaha, E. C. and Garagusi, V. F. Inhibition of mycobacteria by garlic extract (Allium sativum). Antimicrob.Agents Chemother 1985;27(4):485-486. View abstract.
Delaney, T. A. and Donnelly, A. M. Garlic dermatitis. Austr J Dermatol 1996;37(2):109-110. View abstract.
Demirkaya, E., Avci, A., Kesik, V., Karslioglu, Y., Oztas, E., Kismet, E., Gokcay, E., Durak, I., and Koseoglu, V. Cardioprotective roles of aged garlic extract, grape seed proanthocyanidin, and hazelnut on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009;87(8):633-640. View abstract.
Deshpande, R. G., Khan, M. B., Bhat, D. A., and Navalkar, R. G. Inhibition of Mycobacterium avium complex isolates from AIDS patients by garlic (Allium sativum). J Antimicrob.Chemother. 1993;32(4):623-626. View abstract.
Dhawan, V. and Jain, S. Effect of garlic supplementation on oxidized low density lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in patients of essential hypertension. Mol.Cell Biochem. 2004;266(1-2):109-115. View abstract.
Dillon, S. A., Burmi, R. S., Lowe, G. M., Billington, D., and Rahman, K. Antioxidant properties of aged garlic extract: an in vitro study incorporating human low density lipoprotein. Life Sci. 2-21-2003;72(14):1583-1594. View abstract.
Dillon, S. A., Lowe, G. M., Billington, D., and Rahman, K. Dietary supplementation with aged garlic extract reduces plasma and urine concentrations of 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2 alpha) in smoking and nonsmoking men and women. J Nutr. 2002;132(2):168-171. View abstract.
Dirsch VM, Kiemer AK, Wagner H, and et al. Effect of allicin and ajoene, two compounds of garlic, on inducible nitric oxide synthase. Atherosclerosis 1998;139:333-339.
Dirsch, V. M., Gerbes, A. L., and Vollmar, A. M. Ajoene, a compound of garlic, induces apoptosis in human promyeloleukemic cells, accompanied by generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of nuclear factor kappaB. Mol.Pharmacol 1998;53(3):402-407. View abstract.
Dixit, V. P. and Joshi, S. Effects of chronic administration of garlic (Allium sativum Linn) on testicular function. Indian J Exp Biol 1982;20(7):534-536. View abstract.
Dorant, E., van den Brandt, P. A., Goldbohm, R. A., and Sturmans, F. Consumption of onions and a reduced risk of stomach carcinoma. Gastroenterology 1996;110(1):12-20. View abstract.
Dunstan, J. A., Breckler, L., Hale, J., Lehmann, H., Franklin, P., Lyons, G., Ching, S. Y., Mori, T. A., Barden, A., and Prescott, S. L. Supplementation with vitamins C, E, beta-carotene and selenium has no effect on anti-oxidant status and immune responses in allergic adults: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Exp.Allergy 2007;37(2):180-187. View abstract.
Durak I, Yilmaz E Devrim E Perk H Kacmaz. Consumption of aqueous garlic extract leads to significant improvement in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer . Nutr Res 2003;23:199-204.
Durak, I., Kavutcu, M., Aytac, B., Avci, A., Devrim, E., Ozbek, H., and Ozturk, H. S. Effects of garlic extract consumption on blood lipid and oxidant/antioxidant parameters in humans with high blood cholesterol. J Nutr.Biochem. 2004;15(6):373-377. View abstract.
Dwivedi, C., John, L. M., Schmidt, D. S., and Engineer, F. N. Effects of oil-soluble organosulfur compounds from garlic on doxorubicin-induced lipid peroxidation. Anticancer Drugs 1998;9(3):291-294. View abstract.
Dwivedi, C., Rohlfs, S., Jarvis, D., and Engineer, F. N. Chemoprevention of chemically induced skin tumor development by diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfide. Pharm.Res 1992;9(12):1668-1670. View abstract.
Edelstein AJ and Johnstown PA. Dermatitis caused by garlic. Arch Dermatol 1950;61:111.
Egen-Schwind C, Eckard R, Jekat FW, and et al. Pharmacokinetics of vinyldithiins, transformation products of allicin. Planta Med 1992;58:8-13.
Eguchi, A., Murakami, A., and Ohigashi, H. Novel bioassay system for evaluating anti-oxidative activities of food items: use of basolateral media from differentiated Caco-2 cells. Free Radic.Res. 2005;39(12):1367-1375. View abstract.
Ejaz, S., Chekarova, I., Cho, J. W., Lee, S. Y., Ashraf, S., and Lim, C. W. Effect of aged garlic extract on wound healing: a new frontier in wound management. Drug Chem.Toxicol. 2009;32(3):191-203. View abstract.
Ekeowa-Anderson, A. L., Shergill, B., and Goldsmith, P. Allergic contact cheilitis to garlic. Contact Dermatitis 2007;56(3):174-175. View abstract.
El Beshbishy, H. A. Aqueous garlic extract attenuates hepatitis and oxidative stress induced by galactosamine/lipoploysaccharide in rats. Phytother.Res. 2008;22(10):1372-1379. View abstract.
el Sabban, F. and Radwan, G. M. Influence of garlic compared to aspirin on induced photothrombosis in mouse pial microvessels, in vivo. Thromb.Res 10-15-1997;88(2):193-203. View abstract.
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